Masons. Masonic lodge - what is it? Grand Masonic Lodge of Russia Freemasons who are briefly

NBUPOSHCH, NBUPOSHCH, NBUPOSHCH... nBUPOCH CHYOSF CHP CHUEN - CH TB'CHBME uuut, CH TBURBDE LLPOPNYLY, CH PVOEYEBOYY MADEK, IPFS UFPYF UETSHEP OBYUBFSH CHP CHUEN TBVYTBFSHUS, FP OILFP OYZDE OE NPCEF PVOBTHTSYFSH LPOPCHOTSE RTYIOBLOY.
fBL LFP CE FBLIE, LFY NBUPOSHCH? pFLHDB POI CHSMYUSH, YUEN BOINBAFUS Y L YUENH UFTENSFUS? rPYUENKh YI UHEUFCHPCHBOYE CHSHCHCHBEF FBL NOPZP LTYCHPFPMLCH? pFYUEZP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT UBNSHE ZHBOFBUFYUEULYE PVCHYOEOYS CH YI BDTEU, L OYN RTYOBDMETSBMY NOPZYE DPUFPKOSHCHE Y CHSHCHDBAEYEUS MADY, OE FPMSHLP CH DTHZYI UFTBOBI, OP Y H tpuuy?
ABOUT UBNPN DEME, CH UEZPDOSIOEN NYTE FTHDOP OBKFY UFTBOH, ZDE OE VSHMP VSH MADEK, GENERAL UEVS "CHPMSHOSCHNY LBNEOEILBNY". h echtpre MY, CH bNETYLE, CH BYY YMY BZHTYLE - CHESCHCH UNPTSEFE PFSCHULBFSH EDBOIS U GYTLKHMEN Y HZPMSHOYLPN ABOUT ZHTPOFPOE. yFP NBUPOULIE ITBNSCH, ZDE RTY UCHEFE UCHEYUK CHPF HCE RPYuFY 300 MEF YDEF OEEBNEFOBS NBUPOULBS TBVPFB. UPVITBEIEUUSH DPNBI Madey NPZHF VSHFSH YUETOPLPTSYNY YMYSHYSHYY, YENEFSh RP-Bybful Tbulbulzhe Zmb, ITEFSHPHP, IUMBN, Mavkha DTHZHEA, fenes of DTHZHE. uFP RTYCHPDYF YI RPD UEOSH NBUPOULYI ITBNPC, LBL UNPZMY POY OE FPMSHLP UPITBOYFSH UCHPE VTBFUFCHP CH FOYEOOYE UFPMEFYK, OP Y TBURTPUFTBOYFSH EZP IDEY RP CHUENKH NYTH?
UEZPDOS NSCH BOPPCHP PFLTSCHCHBEN DMS UEVS UPVUFCHEOOHA YUFPTYA Y CHYDYN: FP, UFP CH FEYUEOYE 70 MEF CHSHCHDBCHBMPUSH SB BY OEE, YNEEF NBMP PVEEZP U TEBMSHOPUFSHHA. pDOY YUFPTYUEULYE RETUPOBTSY, LPFPTSHCHE TBOEE HRPNYOBMYUSH MYYSH CHULPMSHSH, CHSHCHTBUFBAF CH CHCHDBAEYIUS DESFEMEK pFEYUEUFCHB, DTHZYE - OBVPTPF, NEMSHYUBAF. OPCHSHCHE, B FPYUOEEE ULBBFSH, UFBTSHCH ZHBLFSCH DEMBAF RTPYMPE PVAYENOSCHN, OBRPMOSAF EZP TSYCHSHCHNY MADSHNY.

pFLHDB RPYMP NBUPOUFCHP? rPSCHMEOYE ZHTBOLNBUPOUFCHB FEUOP UCHSBOP U YUFPTYEK UTEDOECELPCHI TENEUMEOOSCHI ZYMSHDYK Y VTBFUFCH. ч бОЗМЙЙ, ПФЛХДБ, УПВУФЧЕООП, Й ЧЕДЕФУС ЙУФПТЙС УПЧТЕНЕООПЗП НБУПОУФЧБ, РЕТЧЩЕ ГЕИЙ РПСЧЙМЙУШ Ч XII ЧЕЛЕ, ПДОБЛП ТБУГЧЕФПН ГЕИПЧПЗП ДЧЙЦЕОЙС УЮЙФБЕФУС XV ЧЕЛ, ЛПЗДБ ТЕНЕУМЕООЩЕ ПВЯЕДЙОЕОЙС УФБМЙ ЙЗТБФШ ЧБЦОХА ТПМШ Ч ЦЙЪОЙ УОБЮБМБ ЗПТПДПЧ, Б РПФПН Й ЧУЕК УФТБОЩ. fBL, UBNSHCHE LTHROSCHE YOYI PVMBDBMY RTBCHPN RPUSHMBFSH UCHPYI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CH ZPTPDULYE UPCHEFSCH Y DBTSE HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH CHSHCHVPTBI RBTMBNEOFB.
ZYMSHDYY DEMYMYUSH ABOUT FTY TBTSDB. CHIPDSEYE CH RETCHSHCHK TBTSD YNEMY RTBCHP OBRTBCHMSFSH H ZPTPDULPK UPCHEF YEUFETSHCHI UCHPYI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK, ZYMSHDYY CHFPTPZP TBBTSDB - YEFSHTEI, FTEFSHEZP TBTSDB - DCHPYI. l FFPNH READING GEI HTS CHMBDEMY UPVUFCHEOOOSCHNY DPNBNY Y VPZBDEMSHOSNY, YI YI UTEDSCH CHSHDEMSMYUSH OBYVPME PDBTEOOOSCHE Y DEFEMSHOSHCHE MADY, LPFPTSHCHE CHRPUMEDUFCHYFCHY UFBOHFYBNEMBTYL.
YuMEOSCH OBYVPMEE RPYEFOSCHI GEIPCH OPUIMY NHODYTSCH Y UPUFBCHMSMY ZPTPDULHA OBFSH; SING PVMBDBMY YYTPLYNY RTBCHBNY Y RTYCHYMEZYSNY, LPFPTSHNY PFUBUFY UPRETOYUBMY U ENEMSHOPK BTYUFPLTBFYEK.
RPTPK LFY RTYCHYMEZYY UFBOCHYMYUSH RTYUYOPK TEELLPZP OEDCHPMSHUFCHB ZPTPDULYI CHMBUFEK. л РТЙНЕТХ, ЙЪЧЕУФЕО УМХЮБК, ЛПЗДБ НХОЙГЙРБМЙФЕФ ьЛУЕФФЕТБ ОБРТБЧЙМ ВТЙФБОУЛПНХ ЛПТПМА ЦБМПВХ ОБ ФП, ЮФП ГЕИ РПТФОЩИ "РТЙЧМЕЛБЕФ Ч УЧПА УТЕДХ РПУФПТПООЙИ Й ДБЦЕ ОЕ ЦЙЧХЭЙИ Ч ЗПТПДЕ МЙГ", ЪБУФБЧМСС ЙИ ДЕМБФШ ЧЪОПУЩ Ч УЧПА ЛБУУХ.
гЕИЙ ЛБНЕЭЙЛПЧ ОЕ ВЩМЙ УБНЩНЙ УФБТЩНЙ ЙМЙ УБНЩНЙ ЧМЙСФЕМШОЩНЙ УТЕДЙ ДТХЗЙИ ГЕИПЧ, РЕТЧПЕ ХРПНЙОБОЙЕ П ОЙИ Ч ПЖЙГЙБМШОЩИ ДПЛХНЕОФБИ ПФОПУЙФУС Л ЛПОГХ XIV ЧЕЛБ, ЛПЗДБ ЗЙМШДЙС УФТПЙФЕМЕК ВЩМБ ПФОЕУЕОБ ЛП ЧФПТПНХ ТБЪТСДХ. oP HCE CH 1411 ZPDH mPODPOULYK GEI LBNEOEILPCH VSCHM YOLPTRPTYTPCHBO (F.E. CHLMAYEO CH YUYUMP PZHYGYBMSHOSHCHI HUTETSDEOYK), B H 1472 ZPDH RPMKHYUYM UCHPK ZETV. у 1481 ЗПДБ ЛПТПМЕЧУЛЙН ХЛБЪПН ЮМЕОБН ЬФПЗП ПВЯЕДЙОЕОЙС ВЩМП ДБОП РТБЧП ОПУЙФШ НХОДЙТ, ЙОЩНЙ УМПЧБНЙ, ПОЙ РПМХЮЙМЙ ЧЕУШ ПВЯЕН РТБЧ Й РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙК, ЛПФПТЩНЙ РПМШЪПЧБМЙУШ УБНЩЕ ЛТХРОЩЕ Й ЧМЙСФЕМШОЩЕ ЗЙМШДЙЙ ТЕНЕУМЕООЙЛПЧ.
lBNEOEILY FPTS RTBLFILPCHBMY RTYEN CH UCHPY TSDSCH MADEK, OE CHMBDECHYI RTPZHEUUYEK UFTPIFEMS; U FFPZP NPNEOFB CHPOYLBAF DCHE LBFEZPTYY NBUPOCH - "PRETBFYCHOSHCHE", F.E. ФЕ, ЛФП СЧМСМУС УФТПЙФЕМЕН Й ЧМБДЕМ УФТПЙФЕМШОПК РТПЖЕУУЙЕК, Й "УРЕЛХМСФЙЧОЩЕ" ЙМЙ "РТЙЪОБООЩЕ" - ОЕ ЙНЕЧЫЙЕ ОЙЛБЛПК УЧСЪЙ УП УФТПЙФЕМШУФЧПН, ОП ТЕЫЙЧЫЙЕ РПДЮЙОСФШУС ЧОХФТЕООЙН РТБЧЙМБН ГЕИБ ЛБНЕОЭЙЛПЧ, РТЙОСФШ ЙИ ПВЩЮБЙ Й НПТБМШОЩЕ РПУФХМБФЩ, Й, УППФЧЕФУФЧЕООП, РПМШЪПЧБФШУС ЙИ РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙСНЙ.
пДОБ ЙЪ ЧБЦОЕКЫЙИ РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙК ЛБНЕОЭЙЛПЧ - УЧПВПДБ РЕТЕДЧЙЦЕОЙС, ЛПФПТБС ВЩМБ ОЕПВИПДЙНБ РП ТПДХ РТПЖЕУУЙЙ, РПУЛПМШЛХ УТЕДОЕЧЕЛПЧЩН УФТПЙФЕМСН РТЙИПДЙМПУШ РЕТЕЕЪЦБФШ ЙЪ ЗПТПДБ Ч ЗПТПД ДМС ХЮБУФЙС Ч ЧПЪЧЕДЕОЙЙ ЪБНЛПЧ, ДПНПЧ ЪОБФЙ, ГЕТЛЧЕК Й УПВПТПЧ. h FE CHTENEOB CHUE RPDBFOSHCH UMPY PVEEUFCHB VSCHMY PVSBOSH UPVMADBFSH TSEUFLIE BLPOSHCH PV PUEDMPUFY. lBNEOEILY VSCHMY EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHNY RPDBFOSHCHNY TSYFEMSNY BOZMYY, LPFPTSHCHN VSCHMP RPCHPMEOP UCHPVPDOP RETEDCHYZBFSHUS RP UFTBOE. rPFPNKh YI UFBMY OBSCCHBFSH "CHPMSHOSCHNY". fBL RPSCHIMPUSH OSCHOEOYOE OBCHBOYE "ZHTBOLNBUPO" (free mason) - "CHPMSHOSCHK LBNEOEIL".

MPCB - FFP BTFEMSH dTECHOYE DPLKHNEOFSHCH, TBUULBJSCHCHBAEYE P TSOYOY Y DEFEMSHOPUFY BOZMYKULYI UFTPIFEMSHOSHCHI TBVPYYI - FFP BTFEMSHOSCHE HUFBCHSHCH, PFOPUSEYEUS L XIV Y OBYUBMH XV CHELCH. YI OYI CHYDOP, UFP YI UPVTBOYS RTPCHPDYMYUSH CH UREGIBMSHOPN LTSCHFPN RPNEEEOYY, OBSCCHCHBENPN MPTSEK (Lodge), CH LPFPTPK VEUUENEKOSHCHE TBVPYUYE FBLTS Y TSYMY. b RPTSDLPN TBVPF Y RPCHEDEOYEN LBNEOEILPCH UMEDIM UFBTYK NBUFET Y OBDITBFEMY. CUFHRBS CH BTFEMSH, TBVPYUYe RTYOPUYMY RTYUSZKH "ON LOYZE" (PYUECHIDOP, ABOUT HUFBCHE). h XV CHELE MPTSEK UFBMY GENERAL FPMSHLP NBUFETULHA, OP Y UBNKh BTFEMSH.
LTPNE GEIPCHSCHI PTZBOYBGYK TENEUMEOOOYLY PVYAEDDYOSMYUSH H VPMEE FEUOSCHE UPASHCH - VTBFUFCHB CHBYNPRPNPEY, OPUICHYE GETLPCHOP-TEMYZYPOYOSCHK IBTBLFET. ч ОЙИ УХЭЕУФЧПЧБМ ЛХМШФ УЧСФПЗП РПЛТПЧЙФЕМС ГЕИБ (Х ЛБНЕОЭЙЛПЧ, ЛБЛ РТБЧЙМП, ЬФП ВЩМ УЧ.йПБОО), ВПМШЫХА ТПМШ Ч ДЕСФЕМШОПУФЙ ЬФЙИ ВТБФУФЧ ЙЗТБМЙ ЧЪБЙНОБС ЪБВПФБ Й РПНПЭШ, Б ФБЛЦЕ РПНПЭШ Ч РХФЕЫЕУФЧЙСИ, ДМС ЮЕЗП ЙУРПМШЪПЧБМЙУШ РБТПМЙ Й ФБКОЩЕ ЪОБЛЙ, РП ЛПФПТЩН ВТБФШУС NPZMY HOBFSH DTHZ DTHZB Y PLBBFSH RPDDETTSLH. UPPVEEOIS RBTPMEK Y RTYUSZB CHETOPUFY UPUFBCHMSMY UHEEUFCHEOOHA YUBUFSH GETENPOYK CHUFHRMEOYS CH VTBFUFCHP. h ZPDYUOSCHE GEIPCHSHCHE RTBDOYLY HUFBYCHBMYUSH RYTHHYLY, ZDE TYFHBM UPVMADBMUS OE NEOEE UFTPPZP, YUEN RTY RTPCHEDEOYY PVSCHYUOSCHI CHUFTEYU Y VEUED.
rBTPMY Y FBKOSHCHE OBLY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY OE FPMSHLP X YUMEOPCH VTBFUFCH, OP Y X YUMEOPCH GEIPCH, ZDE SING VSHMY FEUOP UCHSBOSCH U LCHBMYZHYLBGEK. RTY RETEIPDE PF PDOPZP UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB L DTHZPNH U YI RPNPESH LBNEOEILY UPPVEBMY P UCHPEK RTYOBDMETSOPUFY L GEIKH Y PV HTPCHOE NBUFETUFCHB.
UP CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOSCH XVI CHELB CH TSYOY TENEUMEOOSCHI UPACH LBNEOEILPCH OBUFBAF FTHDOSHCHE CHTENEOB. rPSChMSAFUS OPCHSHCHE, NEOEE FTHDPENLYE, NEFPDSH UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB, ZPFILB UNEOSEFUUS OPCHSHCHNY BTIYFELFHTOSCHNY UFIMSNY, CH BOZMYY RPSCHMSAFUS YOPUFTBOOSCHE UFTPIFEMY - ZHTBOGHSHCH, OENGSHCH, ZPMMBODGSHCH. at OBYUBMPN TEZHPTNBGYY OBYUBMYUSH ZPOEOIS ABOUT CHUE PTZBOYGYY, OPUICHYYE GETLPCHOSCHK IBTBLFET, Y CH 1547 ZPDKh H bozmyy CHUE SING VSHMY BLTEEEOSCH RBTMBNEOFULYN BLFPN.
NOPZYE TENEUMEOOSCHE VTBFUFCHB OE UNPZMY RETECYFSH FFPZP Y YUYUEMMY. pDOBLP, NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP HUFPSMP; ПОП РЕТЕУФБМП ВЩФШ ЛБФПМЙЮЕУЛЙН, ГЕТЛПЧОЩЕ ПВТСДЩ Й НЙУФЕТЙЙ ОБ ВЙВМЕКУЛЙЕ ФЕНЩ ЙУЮЕЪМЙ ЙЪ ЙИ ПВЙИПДБ, ОП ГЕТЕНПОЙЙ РТЙЕНБ, ЗПДЙЮОЩЕ ВБОЛЕФЩ Й ДТХЗЙЕ УФБТЩЕ ПВЩЮБЙ РТПДПМЦБМЙ УПИТБОСФШУС, РТЕЧТБФЙЧЫЙУШ Ч РТПЮОХА ФТБДЙГЙА.
At the b -ьfpzp, the ogrepush ibbmpush tbnephopa, the geypchch: Rhetchischi Cheedbmy Yufp RTPZHUUYUPOBMshopK UFPPTPOPK, ITBEMYA TBCHIEELEEEETYELEEL PVEGYEEDSP PVEGYEESPP UP READING RTPYYPYMP Y PTZBOYBGYPOOPE TBDEMEOYE: HCE NPTSOP VSCHMP VSHCHFSH YUMEOPN VTBFUFCHB, OE UPUFPS CH GEIE, Y OBPVPTPF.
Dtechokekm Dlhneofbmshop RPDFCHCHCHECHK UMKHYUBK HUBUFYS h nbupoulei FTHDBI o-UFTPIPEMS PFOPUIFUS LB b-dzulpk MPFMBODYA: 3 YAOS 1600 RTVTBIED RTIKHPPHPPHPPHPPCHPPUs. at FEI RPT RTYUHFUFCHYE YPFMBODULPK OBFY CH MPTSBI UFBOCHYFUS ЪBHTSDOSCHN. рТБЧДБ, Ч ЛПОГЕ XVII ЧЕЛБ ЧУФТЕЮБМЙУШ МПЦЙ, УПУФПСЧЫЙЕ УРМПЫШ ЙЪ ЛБНЕОЭЙЛПЧ (ОБРТЙНЕТ, МПЦБ Ч зМБЪЗП), ОП ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП У ОЙНЙ ВЩМЙ МПЦЙ ОБРПДПВЙЕ бВЕТДЙОУЛПК, ЗДЕ Ч 1670 ЗПДХ ЙЪ 49 ЮМЕОПЧ ФПМШЛП 12 ВЩМЙ РТПЖЕУУЙПОБМШОЩНЙ ЛБНЕОЭЙЛБНЙ, ПУФБМШОЩЕ ВЩМЙ РБУФПТБНЙ, ЛПННЕТУБОФБНЙ, РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМСНЙ YOFEMMYZEOFOSCHI RTPZHEUUIK - HYUEOSCHNY, RYUBFEMSNY YMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY DCHPTSOULPZP UPUMPCHYS.
nPCOP FPMSHLP DPZBDSCCHBFSHUS P RTYUJOBI, FPMLBCHYI FFYI MADEK L CHUFHRMEOYA CH NBUPOULIE VTBFUFCHB. дМС ОЕЛПФПТЩИ РТЙЧМЕЛБФЕМШОЩНЙ НПЗМЙ ВЩФШ МШЗПФЩ Й РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙЙ, ЛПФПТЩНЙ РТПДПМЦБМЙ РПМШЪПЧБФШУС УФТПЙФЕМШОЩЕ ЗЙМШДЙЙ, ОП ЧТСД МЙ ПОЙ НПЗМЙ ВЩФШ РТЙФСЗБФЕМШОЩНЙ ДМС БТЙУФПЛТБФПЧ Й ДЕСФЕМЕК ГЕТЛЧЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ ВЩМЙ УБНЩН РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙТПЧБООЩН УПУМПЧЙЕН бОЗМЙЙ Й ДТХЗЙИ УФТБО еЧТПРЩ. rTEDRMPTSYFEMSHOP, LFP NPZMP VSCFSh UFTENMEOYE L UVBTYOE Y FTBDYGYSN, L DTECHOIN MEZEODBN P RTPYUIPTsDEOYY NBUPOULYI VTBFUFCH, CHEUEMSCHN FTBDYGYPOOSCHN RYTHYLBN YMY CHP'FNPTSOPUFCHY RPLTPCHY.
оЕЛПФПТЩЕ ЙУУМЕДПЧБФЕМЙ НБУПОУЛПК ЙУФПТЙЙ РТЕДРПМБЗБАФ, ЮФП РПСЧМЕОЙЕ Ч МПЦБИ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМЕК ЧЩУЫЙИ УМПЕЧ ПВЭЕУФЧБ ВЩМП ЧЩЪЧБОП ЙИ УФТЕНМЕОЙЕН ЛПОФТПМЙТПЧБФШ ДЕСФЕМШОПУФШ МПЦ, ЙВП УХЭЕУФЧПЧБМП ПРБУЕОЙЕ, ЮФП ТБВПФЩ, РТПЧПДЙЧЫЙЕУС Ч ОЙИ, НПЗМЙ ВЩФШ ПРБУОЩ ДМС РТБЧСЭЕЗП ЛМБУУБ. оЕФ УНЩУМБ ПФТЙГБФШ ЬФП РПМОПУФША, ОП, ЧЙДЙНП, ОЕФ УНЩУМБ ПФТЙГБФШ Й ФП, ЮФП БТЙУФПЛТБФЙС ЦЕМБМБ ЧПЪЗМБЧЙФШ НБУПОУФЧП Ч РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ГЕМСИ, ДМС ФПЗП, ЮФПВЩ ЙУРПМШЪПЧБФШ ЕЗП ЧПЪНПЦОПУФЙ Ч УЧПЙИ ЙОФЕТЕУБИ.

vTBFUFCHP Y EZP RPLTCHYFEMY оП ЛБЛ ВЩ ФП ОЙ ВЩМП, НБУПОУЛПЕ ВТБФУФЧП, РТПДПМЦБС ПУФБЧБФШУС Ч УЧПЕК НБУУЕ РТПЖЕУУЙПОБМШОЩН ПВЯЕДЙОЕОЙЕН УФТПЙФЕМЕК, РПМХЮЙМП ЧЩУПЛЙИ РПЛТПЧЙФЕМЕК, ВМБЗПДБТС ЛПФПТЩН, ЧЙДЙНП, Й УПИТБОЙМПУШ ФПЗДБ, ЛПЗДБ ТЕНЕУМЕООЩЕ ГЕИЙ УФБМЙ РПУФЕРЕООП РТЙИПДЙФШ Ч ХРБДПЛ Й ЙУЮЕЪБФШ.
ч ЬФП ЧТЕНС Ч МПЦЙ ЧУФХРБАФ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМЙ ХЮЕОПК ЙОФЕММЙЗЕОГЙЙ, ЖЙМПУПЖЩ Й МАДЙ ТЕЖПТНБФПТУЛПЗП УЛМБДБ ХНБ, ЛПФПТЩЕ ЙЪ-ЪБ ОБУФХРЙЧЫЕК ЧУМЕД ЪБ тЕЖПТНБГЙЕК ТЕБЛГЙЕК ХЦЕ ОЕ НПЗМЙ УЧПВПДОП ЧЩУЛБЪЩЧБФШ УЧПЙ ЧЪЗМСДЩ. h NBUPOUFCHP RTPOILBAF HFPRYUEULYE YDEY, HFCHETSDBCHYYE, UFP NPTSOP RPUFTPAYFSH URTBCHEDMYCHPE PVEEUFCHP ABOUT PUOPCHBI DPUFYTSOYK OBHLY Y TBHNB. тБЪЧЙФЙА ЬФЙИ ЙДЕК ЛБЛ ОЕМШЪС ВПМШЫЕ УРПУПВУФЧПЧБМ Й УПУФБЧ УФТПЙФЕМШОЩИ ЛПТРПТБГЙК, Ч ЛПФПТЩЕ, ОБТСДХ У РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМСНЙ ФСЦЕМПЗП ТХЮОПЗП ФТХДБ, ЧИПДЙМЙ МАДЙ ФЧПТЮЕУЛЙЕ - ИХДПЦОЙЛЙ, УЛХМШРФПТЩ, БТИЙФЕЛФПТЩ. nBUPOULYK GEI UBN RP UEVE VSCHM UYNCHPMPN FPZP, UFP MAVPE LTHROPE DEMP FTEVHEF UZMBUOSCHI KHUYMYK CHUEI TBVPYYI, LBL VSCH OY OYLLY YMY CHSHCHUPLY VSCHMY YI RPOBOYS Y HNEOYE. uFB DTECHOSS LFYLB UFTPIFEMEK UFBMB VMBZPDBFOPC RPYUCHPK DMS TBCHYFYS IDEK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, TBCHEOUFCHB Y OEOBUIMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEDEMMB PVEEUFCHB ABOUT OPCHPK, VPMEE TBHNOPC PUOPCHE.
IDEY LFY VSCHMP OEVEEPRBUOP RTCHP'ZMBYBFSH PFLTSCHFP; PFUADB VETEF UCHPE OBYUBMP UYNCHPMYUEULYK SJSCHL NBUPOUFCHB. уФТПЙФЕМШОЩЕ ЙОУФТХНЕОФЩ УФБОПЧСФУС ЪОБЛБНЙ, УЙНЧПМЙЪЙТХАЭЙНЙ ОТБЧУФЧЕООЩЕ ЛБЮЕУФЧБ, ЧПРМПЭБАФ ЬФЙЮЕУЛЙЕ ЪБЛПОЩ УРТБЧЕДМЙЧПУФЙ, УБН РТПГЕУУ УФТПЙФЕМШУФЧБ УФБОПЧЙФУС УЙНЧПМПН РПУФТПЕОЙС ОПЧПЗП УПЧЕТЫЕООПЗП ПВЭЕУФЧБ. nBUPOUFCHP, FBLYN PVTBBPN, RPUFEREOOP RTECHTBEBEFUUS YJ LPTRPTBFICHOPK YDEPMPZYY TENEUMEOOPZP VTBFUFCHB CH FFYUEULPE HYUEOYE, CHPURYFSHCHCHBAEEEE CH UCHPYI BDERFBI MKHYUYE YUEMPCHEUBEUL.
чПФ ЛБЛ РЙУБМ П НБУПОУЛЙИ ТБВПФБИ ЧЩДБАЭЙКУС ТХУУЛЙК РЙУБФЕМШ нЙИБЙМ пУПТЗЙО: "ч РЕТУРЕЛФЙЧЕ МЙРПЧПК БММЕЙ РПСЧМСАФУС ПЮЕТФБОЙС УФПСЭЕЗПУС иТБНБ, ЛПФПТЩК ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ ВХДЕФ ДПУФТПЕО. уАДБ УФЕЛБАФУС ЙЪП ЧУЕИ УФТБО МАДЙ, ПФНЕЮЕООЩЕ ОЕ ПУПВЩНЙ ФБМБОФБНЙ, ОЕ РТПЖБОУЛЙНЙ ЪБУМХЗБНЙ, ОЕ ВПЗБФУФЧПН, ОЕ ТПДПЧЙФПУФША, ОЕ РПКНБООПК ЪБ ИЧПУФ УМБЧПК, Б ФБКОПК РЕЮБФША РПУЧСЭЕООПУФЙ. пОЙ ОЙЛЕН ОЕ РТЙЪЧБОЩ - ПОЙ УБНЙ УЕВС ОБЫМЙ Й ЧЪБЙНОП ХФЧЕТДЙМЙ. вТБФУЛБС ГЕРШ ЛБЖЙОУЛЙНЙ ХЪМБНЙ УЧСЪБМБ ЙИ ЧПЕДЙОП Й ПФДЕМЙМБ ПФ ЪМПВУФЧХАЭЕЗП, ВПМШОПЗП, ОЕРТПУЧЕЭЕООПЗП НЙТБ, ЛПФПТЩК ДПМЦОП РЕТЕУПЪДБФШ. ч ФП ЧТЕНС ЛБЛ ДТХЗЙЕ УФТПЙФЕМЙ, РТБЛФЙЛЙ Й ЖБОФБЪЕТЩ ВМБЗПДЕФЕМШУФЧХАФ ЮЕМПЧЕЮЕУФЧП ЗПФПЧЩНЙ РТПЗТБННБНЙ, РПФЮХАФ ЕЗП УПГЙБМШОЩНЙ ПРЩФБНЙ, ЧЩТЩЧБАФ ДТХЗ Х ДТХЗБ ЧПЦЦЙ ДТЕВЕЪЦБЭЙИ ЛПМЕУОЙГ Й ЛБФСФУС ЛХВБТЕН РПД ОПЗЙ ЧУВЕУЙЧЫЙИУС МПЫБДЕК, - ЬФЙ ФБКОЩЕ ЪБЗПЧПТЭЙЛЙ, ЧОЕ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ УФТБУФЕК Й РТЕДТБУУХДЛПЧ - РП ФХ УФПТПОХ ДПЗНЩ Й ПВСЪБФЕМШОЩИ ЧЕТПЧБОЙК, ЧППТХЦЙЧЫЙУШ NPMPFPN Y TEEGPN YULBOYK, NEDMEOOP PVFEUSCHCHBAF LBTsDSCHK UCHPK UPVUFCHEOOOSCHK ZTHVSHCHK LBNEOSH, UVBTBSUSH RTYDBFSH ENH RTBCHYMSHOHA, HDPVOHA DMS RTYZPOLY L DTHZYN ZHPTNH. rTPYEDYYE RETCHSHCHK YULKHU LMBDHF Ъ LFYI LBNOEK ZHHODBNEOF Y CHPЪCHPDSF UFEOSCH OPCHPZP YDEBMSHOPZP iTBNB; YURSHCHFBOOSCHE H TBVPFE OBOPUSF RTELTBUOSCHK TYUKHOPL ABOUT YETFETSOKHA DPULCH Y THLPCHPDSF UFTPCLPK. CHEMYUBCHSHCHK iTBN TBUFEF Y CHYTSH Y CHCHSHCHUSH, - OP NBUYFBVSCH EZP FBLPCSHCH, UFP FPMSHLP CHUE YuEMPCHEUEFCHP NPZMP VSH PVEYNY DTHTSOSCHNY KHUYMYSNY DPCHETYYFSH EZP RPUFTPKLH EDDYOSCHN LHRMPN. DPTSYFSH DP LFPZP OE NEYUFBEF OY PYO LBNEOEIL; According to Dpchpmshufchhefus Orthpine NBMSHNE CHLMBDPN, й on KhNTBEF, KHCHEBS OTPP Dabotkh OPCHPNH, LPFPTSHK, NPCEFA VSHFSH, RTEDCHP PROSETS.

RETCHBS CHAMELBS mPCB rP NETE TPUFB YUYUMB MPTs CHPOYLBMB OEPVVIPDYNPUFSH LPPTDYOYTPCHBFSH YI DESFEMSHOPUFSH. рПЬФПНХ Ч мПОДПОЕ Ч 1717 ЗПДХ ЮЕФЩТЕ МПЦЙ ПВЯЕДЙОЙМЙУШ Й УПЪДБМЙ УЧПЕПВТБЪОЩК ПТЗБО ОБДЪПТБ, чЕМЙЛХА мПЦХ, ЕЦЕЗПДОЩЕ УПВТБОЙС ЛПФПТПК РТЙЧМЕЛБМЙ РПЧЩЫЕООПЕ ЧОЙНБОЙЕ ПВЭЕУФЧБ Й РТЕЧТБЭБМЙ ПТДЕО Ч ДЙОБНЙЮОП ТБУФХЭЕЕ ДЧЙЦЕОЙЕ. lBL VSH FP OH VSHMP, CH BOZMYY NETSDH 1737 Y 1907 ZPDBNY CH VTBFUFCHE UPUFPSMY YEUFOBDGBFSH RTYOGECH Y YEFCHETP YOYI UFBMY CHRPUMEDUFCHY LPTPMSNY.
U PVYAEDOOYEN PRETBFICHOSHI Y RTJOBOOSCHI NBUPOCH CH EDYOPE VTBFUFCHP NBUPOUFCHP RTYOSMP FH ZHPTNKH, CH LPFPTPK POP UHEEUFCHHEF Y UEZPDOS. пФ ПРЕТБФЙЧОПЗП НБУПОУФЧБ ПОП РЕТЕОСМП УФТПЙФЕМШОЩЕ ЙОУФТХНЕОФЩ, УФЕРЕОЙ, ПФТБЦБАЭЙЕ ХТПЧЕОШ РПУЧСЭЕООПУФЙ ЮМЕОПЧ МПЦ Ч НБУПОУЛЙЕ ФБКОЩ, УЕЛТЕФОЩЕ УМПЧБ Й ЪОБЛЙ, РТЙ РПНПЭЙ ЛПФПТЩИ НБУПОЩ ХЪОБАФ ДТХЗ ДТХЗБ, ПВСЪБООПУФШ ФТХДЙФШУС Й НОПЗПЕ ДТХЗПЕ. рТЙЪОБООЩЕ НБУПОЩ, ЛПФПТЩЕ Ч НБУУЕ УЧПЕК ВЩМЙ МАДШНЙ ЙОФЕММЕЛФХБМШОПЗП ФТХДБ, ОБ ЬФПН ЖХОДБНЕОФЕ РПУФТПЙМЙ УФТПКОПЕ ЪДБОЙЕ НБУПОУЛПК УЙНЧПМЙЛЙ, ЛПФПТБС ПФТБЦБМБ ЙИ РПОЙНБОЙЕ НЙТБ, ЧЕТХ Ч ЧПЪНПЦОПУФШ УПЪДБОЙС УРТБЧЕДМЙЧПЗП ПВЭЕУФЧБ ЮЕТЕЪ УПЧЕТЫЕОУФЧПЧБОЙЕ ЛБЦДПЗП ЙЪ ЕЗП ЮМЕОПЧ Й ПФОПЫЕОЙК НЕЦДХ ОЙНЙ. CHPOYLMY NBUPOULYE MEZEODSCH, OBYUBMYUSH RPYULY YUFYOSCH CH DTECHOYI CHETCHBOYSI Y HUEOYSI.
UYUYFBEFUS, UFP RPUMEDOIN CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN PRETBFICHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB VSCM BOZMYKULYK BTIYFELFPT LTYUFPJET TEO, RPUFTPYCHYK UPVPT uChSFPZP rBChMB Ch mpodpoe. h FEYUEOYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF, RPLB YMP UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP ITBNB, PO RPUEEBM TBURPMPTSEOOKHA OERPDBMELKh MPTSH uCHSFPZP rBCHMB.
p EZP NBUFETUFCHE ЪPDYUEZP DBEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE FBLBS YUFPTYS. lPZDB UVPPT HCE VSHCHM RPYuFY RPUFTPEO, ZPTPDULYE CHMBUFY PVTBFYMY CHOYNBOYE OB FP, UFP CH GEOPTBMSHOPN RTPUFTBOUFCHE ITBNB OEF LPMPOO, LPFPTSHCHE RPDDETSYCHBMY VSH PZTPNOSCHI RPFPMETPCH. LTYUFPZHET THEO HVETSDBM, YUFP LPMPOOSCHOE OHTSOSCH Y RPFPMPLOE PVCHBMYFUS, Y RTYCHPDYM CH LBYUEUFCHE DPLBBFEMSHUFCHB UCHPY TBUYEFSHCH. pDOBLP ENH OE RPCHETYMY Y TBURPTSDYMYUSH RPDRETEFSH RPFPMPL UPVPTB LPMPOOBNY. THEO CHSHCHRPMOYM LFP FTEVPCHBOYE, OP... CHPCHEDEOOSHCHE YN LPMPOOSCHOE DPUFBAF DP RPFPMLB, NETSDH LBRYFEMSNY Y UBNYN RPFPMLPN EUFSH RTPUFTBOUFCHP. LFY LPMPOOSCH, OE RPDRYTBAEIE RPFPMPL, UFPSF Y UEZPDOS, SCHMSSUSH UINCHPMPN CHSHCHUPYUBKYEZP NBUFETUFCHB ЪPDYUEZP Y PVSCHUOPZP OEDPCHETYS CHMBUFEK L DPUFYTSEOISN OBHL.
at ZPDBNY NBUPOUFCHP UCHCHETYEOUFCHCHBMP UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA. h 1723 ZPDKH CH BOZMYY VSCHMB PRHVMYLPCHBOB "LOYZB HUFBCHPCH", OBRYUBOOBS YPFMBODULYN UCHSEOOOYLPN dTSEKNUPN bodetutopn. ffpf dplkhneof rtchppzmbybm, UFP RTEDUFBCHYFEMI TBMYUOSCHI TEMYZYPHOSCHI FEYUEOYK DPMTSOSCH UHNEFSH PVYAEDYOYFSHUS CH DTHTSEUFCHEOOOPK BFNPUZHETE MPTSY DMS URPLPKOPZP PVUHTSDEOYS OKCHCHI "иПФС Ч ДТЕЧОЙЕ ЧТЕНЕОБ НБУПОЩ РТЙОЙНБМЙ ЧЕТПЙУРПЧЕДБОЙЕ ФПК УФТБОЩ, Ч ЛПФПТПК ПОЙ ОБИПДЙМЙУШ, ФЕРЕТШ ЦЕ РТЕДУФБЧМСЕФУС ГЕМЕУППВТБЪОЩН РТЙОХДЙФШ ЙИ РЕТЕКФЙ Ч ФХ тЕМЙЗЙА, ЗДЕ ЧУЕ МАДЙ РТЙДХФ Л ЧЪБЙНОПНХ УПЗМБУЙА, ПУФБЧЙЧ РТЙ УЕВЕ УЧПЕ ЮБУФОПЕ НОЕОЙЕ; ФП ЕУФШ УМЕДХЕФ ВЩФШ ДПВТПДЕФЕМШОЩН Й ЙУЛТЕООЩНЙ МАДШНЙ , MADSHNY VMBZPTPDOSHNY Y YUEUFOSHCHNY, LBL OY VSHCHMY VSH TBMYUOSCH YI OBCHBOYS Y HVETSDEOYS", - ZPCHPTYMPUSH CH "LOYSE HUFBCHPCH".
at FEI RPT FETRYNPUFSH Y OERTEDKHVETSDEOOPUFSH UFBMY BLPOPN, UCHSFP UPVMADBAEYNUS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI. FYRPZTBZHULYN URPUPVPN "HUFBCHSHCH" VSCHMY YODBOSHCH CH bNETYLE CH 1734 ZPDH CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN VEODTSBNYOPN zhTBOLMYOPN CH zhYMBDEMSHZHYY.
pYUEOSH VSHCHUFTP NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP RHUFYMP LPTOY RP CHUENH ECHTPREKULPNH LPOFYOEOFH. h LPOGE 30-I ZPDCH XVIII CHELB MPTSY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH VEMSHZYY, tPUUYY, YFBMYY, ZETNBOYY, yCHEKGBTYY. h 1735 ZPDH CH rBTYCE DEKUFCHPCHBMP 5 MPTs, L 1742 ZPDH YI YUYUMP CHP-TPUMP DP DCHBDGBFY DCHHI, B Yuete UPTPL RSFSH MEF, OBLBOHOE zhTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY, YUYUMP NBUPOCH DPUFYZBMP 100

nBUPOSH Y GETLPCHSH lBFPMYYUEULBS GETLPCHSH U RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSHHA Y PRBULPK OBVMADBMB OB VSHCHUFTSHCHN TBURTPUFTBOOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. nBUPOSCH VSHCHUFTP UPDBMY UCHPY UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE TYFHBMSCH, YUFPTYA, MEZEODSCH Y YETBTIYA, LPFPTSCHE SCHMSAFUS OEPFYAENMENPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFSHHA PZHYGIBMSHOPK TEMYZYY. xCE Ch 1738 ZPDKh RBRB lMYNEOF XII CHSHCHUFKHRIM U RETCHSHCHN Y PYUEOSH STPUFOSHCHN PVMYUEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. h UCHPEK OGYLMYLE ON RPCHEMECHBM PFMHYUBFSH PF GETLCHY CHUEI LBFPMYLPCH, RTPIEDYYI PVTSD RPCHSEEOIS CH NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP. рБРБ ПВЯСЧЙМ, ЮФП РТЙОПУЙНБС НБУПОБНЙ ЛМСФЧБ ИТБОЙФШ УЕЛТЕФЩ ВТБФУФЧБ СЧМСЕФУС ХЗТПЪПК УЧСЭЕООПУФЙ ЙУРПЧЕДЙ Й ЧМБУФЙ ГЕТЛЧЙ, ЧЩУФХРБМ РТПФЙЧ УПФТХДОЙЮЕУФЧБ У МАДШНЙ, ЙУРПЧЕДПЧБЧЫЙИ ПФМЙЮОЩЕ ПФ ПЖЙГЙБМШОПК ГЕТЛЧЙ ХВЕЦДЕОЙК. rP CHUEK ECHTPRE ZTBTSDBOULYE CHMBUFY OBYUBMY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH RTEDRYUBOYS, OBLMBDSCHCHBS ABOUT NBUPOCH YFTTBZHSHCH Y DBTS RPDCHETZBS YI RSHCHFLBN.
rTEUMEDPCHBOISNY UP UFPTPOSCH LBFPMYUEULPK GETLCHY OYUETRSCHCHBMYUSH ZPOEOIS ABOUT NBUPOCH. rPYUFY UTBYH RPUME PZHYGYBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFIS CHEMYLPK MPTSY CH mPODPOE CH 1717 ZPDH CH ZBEFBI UFBMY TEZHMSTOP RPSChMSFSHUS "TBBPVMBYUBAEYE" UPPVEEOIS P NBUPOUFCHE. nBUPOCH PVCHYOSMY H UPAIE U BOFIITYUFPN, HFCHETSDBMY, VHDFP ABOUT BLTSCHFSCHI UPVTBOYSI RTPIPDYF TBOKHDBOOSCHE PTZYY. rPMYFYUEULIE UPVSCHFIS, BNPTBMSHOSHCHE RPUFHRLY PFDEMSHOSHCHI UMEOPCH VTBFUFCHB CHTENS PF READING RPDPZTECHBMY BOFYNBUPOULIE OBUFTPEOYS. h 1735 ZPDH VSCHMY ЪBRTEEEOSCH UPVTBOYS ZPMMBODULYI MPTs YЪ VPSOY, UFP YUMEOSCH VTBFUFCHB RTYOYNBAF HYBUFYE CH RPMYFYYUEULYI YOFTYZBI. bOBMPZYUOSCHE BLTEFSCH RPUMEDPCHBMY CH HYCHEGYY CH 1738 ZPDKH Y CH 1745 ZPDKH CH yCHEKGBTYY.
OP OBYUBCHYEUS ZPOEOIS ABOUT NBUPOCH HTS OE NPZMY RTYCHEUFY L HOYUFPTSEOIA VTBFUFCHB, FBL UIMSHOSCH VSCHMY YI IDEY Y RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UFPTPOSCH CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI MADEK. PDOBLP RPD DEKUFCHYEN "TBBPVMBYUEOYK" PVEEUFCHEOOPE NOOYE READING UFBOPCHIMPUSH TELP CHTBTSDEVOSCHN RP PFOPYOYA L NBUPOUFCHH.

lBNEOEILY HIPDSF H OBHLH pFCHEFPN NBUPOCH UFBM HIPD CH YЪHYUEOYE YUFPTYY. UPUFPSCHYE H VTBFUFCHE HYUEOSCH UFTENYMYUSH OBKFY YUFPLY RTEDUFBCHMEOYK NBUPOCH PV PVEEUFCHEOOOPK NPTBMY H DTECHOYI LFYUEULYI Y TEMYZYPHOSCHI HYUEOYSI. sing PDOY Y RETCHSHI OBNEFIYMY TPDUFCHP DTECHOYI TEMYZYK Y YI FFYUEULYI UYUFEN NETsDH UPVPK, POY PFLTSCHMY RPTBYFEMSHOPE UIPDUFCHP LPUNPZPOYUEULYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK P NYPCHMY TBBYOT. fBL UFBMP RTYOYNBFSH UPCTENEOOHA ZHPTNKH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P CHEMYLPN uFTPIFEME CHUEMEOOPK, CHPRMPFYCHYEN CH UEVE UEFTSHCH CHETIPCHOPZP VPTSEUFCHB TBMYUOSCHI OBTPDHR. йН ХДБМПУШ ЧПУУФБОПЧЙФШ УНЩУМ БОФЙЮОЩИ НЙУФЕТЙК, РПУЧСФЙФЕМШОЩИ ПВТСДПЧ ЦТЕГПЧ ДТЕЧОЕЗП еЗЙРФБ, ТБУЫЙЖТПЧБФШ ФБКОЩ ЛБТФ фБТП, РП-ОПЧПНХ РТПЮЕУФШ РТЕДБОЙС БТЙКУЛЙИ ОБТПДПЧ гЕОФТБМШОПК бЪЙЙ, ХЧЙДЕФШ ЗМХВЙООПЕ ТПДУФЧП НЕЦДХ ЬФЙЛПК ЙОДХЙЪНБ, ВХДДЙЪНБ, ЛПОЖХГЙБОУФЧБ, ДБПУЙЪНБ Й ДТХЗЙИ ТЕМЙЗЙПЪОП-ЖЙМПУПЖУЛЙИ УЙУФЕН чПУФПЛБ У ЬФЙЛПК чЕФИПЗП bBCHEFB Y ityufiboufchb. рПУФЕРЕООП НБУПОУФЧП РТЕЧТБЭБМПУШ Ч УЙОФЕФЙЮЕУЛПЕ, ХОЙЧЕТУБМШОПЕ ЬФЙЛП-ЖЙМПУПЖУЛПЕ ХЮЕОЙЕ, ЮФП ДБМП ЕНХ ЧПЪНПЦОПУФШ ТБУРТПУФТБОЙФШУС РП ЧУЕНХ НЙТХ, ОЕ ЛПОЖМЙЛФХС РТЙ ЬФПН У ТЕМЙЗЙПЪОЩНЙ УЙУФЕНБНЙ, ПФМЙЮОЩНЙ ПФ ИТЙУФЙБОУЛПК ТЕМЙЗЙЙ.
пДОБЛП ХЮЕОЙЕ ЬФП ПУПВПЗП УЧПКУФЧБ: ЧНЕУФП ЖПТНХМЙТПЧПЛ, ЧНЕУФП УМПЧ ДМС ПВПЪОБЮЕОЙС ЮЕМПЧЕЮЕУЛЙИ ЛБЮЕУФЧ, НПТБМШОЩИ, ЖЙМПУПЖУЛП-ЬФЙЮЕУЛЙИ РПОСФЙК НБУПОЩ ЙУРПМШЪХАФ УЙНЧПМЩ, Ч ЛПФПТЩЕ РТЕЧТБФЙМЙУШ Ч РЕТЧХА ПЮЕТЕДШ УФТПЙФЕМШОЩЕ ЙОУФТХНЕОФЩ. pDOBLP UNSCHUM RPOSFYK, LPFPTSHCHE PMYGEFCHPTSAF LFY YOUFTHNEOFSHCH, PFLTSCHCHBAFUS FPMSHLP FEN, LFP RTPYEM RPCHSEOYE Y CHSM ABOUT UEVS PVSBFEMSHUFCHP ITBOYFSH FBKOH. fBKOPC SCHMSAFUS FBLTS PUPVSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, RP LPFPTSCHN NBUPOSH HOBAF DTHZ DTHZB. рЕТЕИПДС ЙЪ УФЕРЕОЙ Ч УФЕРЕОШ НБУПО ХЪОБЕФ ОПЧЩЕ ЛБЮЕУФЧБ ЙОУФТХНЕОФПЧ Й УФПСЭЙЕ ЪБ ОЙНЙ ОТБЧУФЧЕООЩЕ ОПТНЩ, ОПЧЩЕ УМПЧБ Й ЪОБЛЙ, ЛПФПТЩНЙ ПО НПЦЕФ УППВЭЙФШ ХЦЕ ОЕ ФПМШЛП П УЧПЕК РТЙОБДМЕЦОПУФЙ Л НБУПОУЛПНХ ВТБФУФЧХ, ОП Й П УФЕРЕОЙ УЧПЕЗП РПУЧСЭЕОЙС.
UEZPDOS, LPZDB P NBUPOUFCHE YIDDBOP NOPZP LOIZ, LFY FBKOSH FBKOPC HCE OE SCHMSAFUS, Y FENOE NEOEE CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOEILY RTPDPMTSBAF YI ITBOIFSH. fBLPC RBTDPLU PVYASUOSEFUS DPCHPMSHOP RTPUFP: HNEOYE ITBOIFSH FBKOH - PDOP YUEMPCHEYUEULYI DPUFPYOUFCH, Y CHPURYFBOYE LFPZP LBYUEUFCHB CH UEVE - PDOB Yb PVSBOOPUFEK NBUPOB. dMS OEZP FBKOB RP-RTETSOENH PUFBEFUUS FBLCHPK, OEEBCHYUYNP PF FPZP, LFP Y LPZDB EE TBULTSHCHM.
pVSBOOPUFSH ITBOIFSH FBKOH RTPYUFELBEF Y Y DTHZYI UPPVTBTSEOIK. nBUPOUFCHP - DCHYTSEOYE ZHYMBOFTPRYUEULPE, F.E. PDOPC YI EZP GEMEK SCHMSEFUS UPFCHPTEOYE DPVTB VMYTSOIN. op DPVTPE DEMP, P LPFPTPN PYASCHYMY CHPCHUEKHUEMSHCHYBOSHE, UMHTSYF OE UFPMSHLP DPVTTH LBL FBLCHPNKh, ULPMSHLP ZPTDSCHOE FPZP, LFP EZP UDEMBM. FP UCHPEZP TPDB URPOUPTUFCHP TBDY TELMBSCH, DEMP OE TBDY DPVTB, B TBDY CHSHZPDSHCH. fBLBS RPNPESH TBCHTBEBEF DBAEEZP Y EDCHB MY RPNPZBEF FEN, LPNH POB BDTEUPCHBOB. rPDMYOOBS VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPUFSH CHPNPTSOB FPMSHLP CH FBKOE, POB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH BOPOINOPK, FPMSHLP FPZDB RPNPESH VHDEF RPRBDBFSH L FEN, LFP VPMSHIE CHUEZP CH OEK OHTSDBEFUS. rPFPNKh NBUPOSH CHUEZDB ITBOSF NPMYUBOYE P UCHPEK VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPK TBVPFE.
л УПЦБМЕОЙА, ЬФЙ ФБКОЩ, РПДЮБУ, ОЕ ДБАФ РПЛПС РПДПЪТЙФЕМШОЩН МАДСН, ЪБУФБЧМСС ЙИ ЧЙДЕФШ Ч ЬФПН УЕЛТЕФОЩЕ ЛПЪОЙ ЧТБЗПЧ ЙМЙ ЧУЕНЙТОЩК ЪБЗПЧПТ ЪМПДЕЕЧ, ИПФС НБУПОУФЧП УХЭЕУФЧХЕФ ХЦЕ ВПМЕЕ 250 МЕФ РПЮФЙ ЧП ЧУЕИ УФТБОБИ НЙТБ Й ДП УЙИ РПТ ОЙЛФП ОЕ УНПЗ ЪБНЕФЙФШ УМЕДПЧ ЙМЙ ТЕЪХМШФБФПЧ "YMPDEKULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY NBUPOCH".
dBCE OBPVPTPF. l NBUPOUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY NOPZYE CHSHCHDBAEYEUS DESFEMY YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHB. nBUPOBNY VSCHMB OBRYUBOB BNETYLBOULBS LPOUFYFHGYS, LPFPTBS CHRECHSHCHE H YUFPTYY UDEMBMB RTBCCHB YuEMPCHELB CHSHUYN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHN BLPOPN. л НБУПОУЛПНХ ВТБФУФЧХ РТЙОБДМЕЦБМЙ ЛПНРПЪЙФПТЩ чПМШЖЗБОЗ бНБДЕК нПГБТФ, жЕТЕОГ мЙУФ, кПЪЕЖ зБКДО, мАДЧЙЗ ЧБО вЕФИПЧЕО, оЙЛЛПМП рБЗБОЙОЙ, сЛПЧ уЙВЕМЙХУ, РЙУБФЕМЙ йПЗБОО чПМШЖЗБОЗ зЕФЕ, тБВЙОДТБОБФ фБЗПТ, чБМШФЕТ уЛПФФ, пУЛБТ хБКМШД, нБТЛ фЧЕО, РПЬФЩ бМЕЛУБОДТ рПР, тПВЕТФ вЕТОУ, тЕДШСТД LIERMIOSIS. FEPDPT tKhCHEMShF Y GEMSHK TSD DTKhZYI BNETYLBOULYI RTEYDEOPPCH FBLCE RTYOBDMETSBMY L VTBFUFCHH. nBUPOPN VSHCHM hYOUFPO yuETYuYMMSH, BOZMYKULYK LPTPMSh dDHBTD VII DP CHUFHRMEOYS ABOUT RTEUFPM UPUFPSM Ch VTBFUFCHE. нБУПОБНЙ ВЩМЙ ФБЛЙЕ ЙЪЧЕУФОЩЕ МАДЙ, ЛБЛ дЦПО дЦЕКЛПВ бУФПТ Й зЕОТЙ жПТД, БЧЙБФПТ юБТМШЪ мЙОДЕОВЕТЗ, УПЧЕТЫЙЧЫЙК РЕТЧЩК ПДЙОПЮОЩК РЕТЕМЕФ ЮЕТЕЪ бФМБОФЙЛХ, РПМСТОЩЕ ЙУУМЕДПЧБФЕМЙ тПВЕТФ рЙТЙ, нЬФША иЕОУПО, БДНЙТБМ тЙЮБТД вЕТД. bNETYLBOULYK BUFTPOBCHF dDCHYO PMDTIO, UFKHRYCHYK ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFSH MHOSHCH 21 YAMS 1969 ZPDB, OEU H LBTNBOE OBNS U NBUPOULYNY LNVMEMBNY.
оЕ НЕОЕЕ ЙЪЧЕУФОЩНЙ Й ЧЩДБАЭЙНЙУС МАДШНЙ ВЩМЙ Й ТХУУЛЙЕ НБУПОЩ: бМЕЛУБОДТ уЕТЗЕЕЧЙЮ рХЫЛЙО, бМЕЛУБОДТ чБУЙМШЕЧЙЮ уХЧПТПЧ, нЙИБЙМ йММЙБТЙПОПЧЙЮ зПМЕОЙЭЕЧ-лХФХЪПЧ - ХЦЕ ЬФЙИ ФТЕИ ЙНЕО ДПУФБФПЮОП, ЮФПВЩ ПФВТПУЙФШ ЧУСЛХА НЩУМШ П "НБУПОУЛПН ЪБЗПЧПТЕ РТПФЙЧ тПУУЙЙ". OP URYUPL NPTsOP RTPDPMTSYFSH: uKHNBTPLCH, OPCHILPC, vBTSEOPCH chPTPOYIYO, MECHYGLYK, vPTCHYLPCHULYK, tCHLPCHULYK, zTYVPEDCH, b.zTYZPTSHECH, chPMPYO, zHNYMECH, bMDBOPC, PUPTZYU, bDPZYO, bDPZYO zhYMPUPZHULP-LFYUEULYE CHZMSDSHCH MSHCHB fPMUFPZP VSCHMY PYUEOSH VMYLLY NBUPOUFCHH, YuFP ON UBN RTYOBCHBM. PDOP RTPUFPE RETEYUYUMEOYE FFYI CHEMYLYYI YNEO ZPCHPTYF P FPN, YuFP NBUPOULIE MPTSY tPUUY PVYAEDDYOSMY MHYUYI MADEK UFTBOSHCH, UFP CH OYI LPOGEOFTYTPCHBMBUSH BFNPUZHETB OBRTSEOOSCHI DHIPCHOSHCHIK.
нЙИБЙМ пУПТЗЙО, ЧЩДБАЭЙКУС ТХУУЛЙК РЙУБФЕМШ, ЛПФПТЩК ВЩМ Ч 1922 ЗПДХ ЧЩУМБО ВПМШЫЕЧЙЛБНЙ ЙЪ тПУУЙЙ, ФБЛ ПРТЕДЕМЙМ НБУПОУФЧП Ч ПДОПК ЙЪ УЧПЙИ ТЕЮЕК: "нБУПОУФЧП ЧПЧУЕ ОЕ УЙУФЕНБ ОТБЧУФЧЕООЩИ РПМПЦЕОЙК, Й ОЕ НЕФПД РПЪОБОЙС, Й ОЕ ОБХЛБ П ЦЙЪОЙ, Й ДБЦЕ, УПВУФЧЕООП, ОЕ ХЮЕОЙЕ. йДЕБМШОПЕ ЛБНЕОЭЙЮЕУФЧП ЕУФШ ДХЫЕЧОПЕ УПУФПСОЙЕ ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ, ДЕСФЕМШОП УФТЕНСЭЕЗПУС Л ЙУФЙОЕ Й ЪОБАЭЕЗП, ЮФП ЙУФЙОБ ОЕДПУФЙЦЙНБ... вТБФУФЧП ЧПМШОЩИ ЛБНЕОЭЙЛПЧ ЕУФШ ПТЗБОЙЪБГЙС МАДЕК, ЙУЛТЕООЕ ЧЕТХАЭЙИ Ч РТЙИПД ВПМЕЕ УПЧЕТЫЕООПЗП ЮЕМПЧЕЮЕУФЧБ. рХФШ Л УПЧЕТЫЕОУФЧПЧБОЙА ЮЕМПЧЕЮЕУЛПЗП ТПДБ МЕЦЙФ ЮЕТЕЪ УБНПХУПЧЕТЫЕОУФЧПЧБ- ОЙЕ РТЙ РПНПЭЙ ВТБФУЛПЗП ПВЭЕОЙС У ЙЪВТБООЩНЙ Й УЧСЪБООЩНЙ ПВЕЭБОЙЕН ФБЛПК ЦЕ ОБД УПВПК ТБВПФЩ. ъОБЮЙФ - РПЪОБК УЕВС, ТБВПФБК ОБД УПВПК, РПНПЗБК ТБВПФЕ ОБД УПВПК ДТХЗПЗП, РПМШЪХКУС ЕЗП РПНПЭША, ХНОПЦБК ТСДЩ УФПТПООЙЛПК ЬФПК ЧЩУПЛПК ГЕМЙ. йОБЮЕ - УПАЪ ОТБЧУФЧЕООПК ЧЪБЙНПРПНПЭЙ".

nBUPOSHCH H tPUUYY рП РТЕДБОЙА, РЕТЧЩН ТПУУЙКУЛЙН НБУПОПН ВЩМ ГБТШ рЕФТ чЕМЙЛЙК, ЛПФПТЩК Ч 1699 ЗПДХ, ЧП ЧТЕНС РТЕВЩЧБОЙС Ч бОЗМЙЙ У чЕМЙЛЙН рПУПМШУФЧПН, РТЙОСМ РПУЧСЭЕОЙЕ ПФ УБНПЗП лТЙУФПЖЕТБ тЕОБ, Б Ч ПДОПК У ОЙН МПЦЕ УПУФПСМ жТБОГ мЕЖПТФ. OP OILBLYI DPLKHNEOPCH, RPDFCHETSDBAEII LFP, OE OBKDEOP. пДОБЛП ДПУФПЧЕТОП РПДФЧЕТЦДЕОП, ЮФП НБУПОУЛЙЕ МПЦЙ УХЭЕУФЧПЧБМЙ Ч тПУУЙЙ Ч 30-И ЗПДБИ XVIII УФПМЕФЙС, ОП ЙИ ФТХДОП ОБЪЧБФШ ТПУУЙКУЛЙНЙ, РПУЛПМШЛХ Ч ОЙИ УПУФПСМЙ РПЮФЙ ЙУЛМАЮЙФЕМШОП ЙОПУФТБОГЩ, Б РЕТЧЩН "ЧЕМЙЛЙН НБУФЕТПН ДМС ЧУЕК тПУУЙЙ" ВЩМ ОБЪОБЮЕО Ч 1731 ЗПДХ БОЗМЙКУЛЙК ЛБРЙФБО дЦПО жЙМЙРУ .
h 1740 ZPDKh VSHCHM OBOBBYUEO OPCHSHCHK ZTPUUNEKUFET ZOEETBM dTSEKNU (SLPC) LEKF, UPUFPSCHYK ABOUT THUULPK UMHTSVE. uYUYFBEFUS, UFP U FFPZP READING CH MPTSY OBYUOBAF CHUFHRBFSH THUULBS OBFSH. yNEOOP LEKFB UYUYFBMY PUOPCHBFEMEN NBUPOUFCHB H tPUUY THUULIE NBUPOSHCH.
yCHEUFOP, UFP CH FE ZPDSCH CH NBUPOUFCHE UPUFPSMY ZTBZH zPMPCHYO, B FBLTS ZTBZHSHCH BIBT Y yCHBO yuETOSCHYECHCHCH. rPDOEE CH OEZP CHUFHRIMY tPNBO ChPTPOGCH (PFEG LOSZYOY dBYLPCHPK), ZPMYGSHCHOSCH, fTHVEGLPK, B FBLTS b.r.uHNBTPLCH, VHDHEYE YUFPTYLY LOSSH eETVBFCH Y vPMFYO Y DT.
tweeter h fp Chets MPCI OE NPZI RTICHMYUSH at the Orthpy Tsdsh ULPMSh-MIVP VPMSHYPZP Yuuumb Tkhuli Madek, YVP PVEFCHP VSHMP RPUFY MYYOPSHEOPSHE CHEDEFCHE CHDEDDEFCHA BUSHKH NBUSHECHECHECHECHECHECHECHEETBYUSHEECHECHEECHEIE NPBISHEE NPBISE NPDISHEES UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPN LFPNH SCHMSEFUS CHUFHRMEOYE CH MPTSH OBNEOYFPZP CHRPUMEDUFCHY NBUPOB yCHBOB REZHYMSHECHYUB EMBZYOB, LPFPTSCHK RTPYEM RPCHSEEOYE EDYOUFCHEOOP YЪ MAVPRSCHFUFCHB.
PE CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOE XVIII RPMPTSEOYE NEOSEPHUS. лТБФЛПЧТЕНЕООПЕ ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙЕ рЕФТБ III, ВМБЗПЗПЧЕЧЫЕЗП РЕТЕД жТЙДТЙИПН Й Ч РПДТБЦЕОЙЕ ЕНХ ПЛБЪЩЧБЧЫЙК РПЛТПЧЙФЕМШУФЧП НБУПОБН, Б ЪБФЕН ЧЕЛ еЛБФЕТЙОЩ У ЕЗП ВПМЕЪОЕООЩН ПУНЩУМЕОЙЕН ЖТБОГХЪУЛЙИ ЖЙМПУПЖПЧ-ЬОГЙЛМПРЕДЙУФПЧ Й УФПМШ ЦЕ ВПМЕЪОЕООЩН ТБЪПЮБТПЧБОЙЕН Ч ОЙИ, РПСЧМЕОЙЕН РЕТЧПК ТХУУЛПК ЙОФЕММЙЗЕОГЙЙ У ЕЕ ОБРТСЦЕООЩНЙ ДХИПЧОЩНЙ РПЙУЛБНЙ УПЪДБМ ВМБЗПРТЙСФОХА БФНПУЖЕТХ ДМС ЧПУРТЙСФЙС NBUPOULYI YIDEK.
LTHTSLY THUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGY Y NBUPOULYE MPTSY FPZP READ CHPOYLMY ABOUT PDOK Y FPK TSE PUOPCHE - PUPBOBOY PVEEUFCHEOOOPK PRBUOPUFY Y TBCHTBBEAEZE CHMYSOIS CHPMSHFETSHOBSOUFFCHB. чУЕ НБУПОЩ ФПЗП ЧТЕНЕОЙ РТПЫМЙ ЮЕТЕЪ ХЧМЕЮЕОЙЕ "ЧПМШФЕТШСОУЛЙН ПФТЙГБОЙЕН" Й, ЗМХВПЛП Ч ОЕН ТБЪПЮБТПЧБМЙУШ, РЕТЕЦЙМЙ ДХЫЕЧОЩК ТБЪМБД Й ОБЫМЙ ПУОПЧХ ДМС УЧПЙИ ДХИПЧОЩИ ЙУЛБОЙК Ч "РТПЧПЧЕДЙ НБУПОУЛПК ОТБЧУФЧЕООПУФЙ". йНЕООП У ЬФПЗП НПНЕОФБ НБУПОУФЧП Ч тПУУЙЙ РЕТЕУФБЕФ ВЩФШ ЙОПЪЕНОПК ДЙЛПЧЙОПК, ПВПЗБЭБЕФУС ДХИПН РТПУЩРБАЭЕЗПУС ОБГЙПОБМШОПЗП УБНПУПЪОБОЙС Й РПЬФПНХ НПЦЕФ ВЩФШ У ХЧЕТЕООПУФША ОБЪЧБОП РЕТЧЩН ЙДЕБМЙУФЙЮЕУЛЙН ФЕЮЕОЙЕН ТХУУЛПК ПВЭЕУФЧЕООПК НЩУМЙ.
RP PGEOLE o.VETDSECHB CH TBVPFE "THUULBS IDES", DHIPCHOPE CHMYSOYE NBUPOUFCHB ABOUT PVEEUFCHP VSHMP PZTPNOP. пО ХЛБЪЩЧБЕФ, ЮФП "МХЮЫЙЕ ТХУУЛЙЕ МАДЙ ВЩМЙ НБУПОБНЙ. рЕТЧПОБЮБМШОБС ТХУУЛБС МЙФЕТБФХТБ ЙНЕМБ УЧСЪШ У НБУПОУФЧПН. нБУПОУФЧП ВЩМП РЕТЧПК УЧПВПДОПК УБНППТЗБОЙЪБГЙЕК ПВЭЕУФЧБ Ч тПУУЙЙ, ФПМШЛП ПОП Й ОЕ ВЩМП ОБЧСЪБОП УЧЕТИХ ЧМБУФША". рП ЕЗП ХВЕЦДЕОЙА, ЙНЕООП "Ч НБУПОУФЧЕ РТПЙЪПЫМБ ЖПТНБГЙС ТХУУЛПК ЛХМШФХТОПК ДХЫЙ, ПОП ЧЩТБВБФЩЧБМП ОТБЧУФЧЕООЩК ЙДЕБМ МЙЮОПУФЙ. рТБЧПУМБЧЙЕ ВЩМП, ЛПОЕЮОП, ВПМЕЕ ЗМХВПЛЙН ЧМЙСОЙЕН ОБ ДХЫЙ ТХУУЛЙИ МАДЕК, ОП Ч НБУПОУФЧЕ ПВТБЪПЧБМЙУШ ЛХМШФХТОЩЕ ДХЫЙ РЕФТПЧУЛПК ЬРПИЙ Й РТПФЙЧПРПУФБЧМСМЙУШ ДЕУРПФЙЪНХ ЧМБУФЙ Й ПВУЛХТБОФЙЪНХ... h NBUPOULPK BFNPUZHETE RTPYUIPDYMP DHIPCHOPE RTPVHCDEOYE...".
h 70th ZPDSCH CH tPUUY CHPOYLBAF RPYUFY PDOCHTENEOOP DCHE NPEOSCHE NBUPOULIE UYUFENSCH - EMBZYOULBS Y GIOOEODPTZHULBS. pVE TBVPFBMY CH RETCHSHCHI FTEI UFEREOSI F.O. YPBOOPCHULPZP h FYI UFEREOSI THUULIE NBUPOSHCH TBVPFBMY OBD RTYDBOYEN "DYLPNKH LBNOA", UYNCHPMYYTHAEENKH ZTEIPCHOPZP OERTPUCHEEEEOOPZP YuEMPCHELB, "UPCHETIEOOOPK LHVYUEULPK ZHPTNSCH", F.E. PUYEEOYEN EZP PF RTPPLCH. sing RTYPVTEFBMY VPME YTPLYE RP UTBCHOEOYA U RTETSOYNY TEMYZYPЪP-LFYUEULIE RPOSFIS, ЪBDHNSCHCHBMYUSH OBD CHPRTPUBNY CHETSHCH Y OTCHUFCHEOOPUFY, HRPTO CHPURYFSHCHCHBMY CHFOYUSHCHI UCHEUSHCHI.
y.r.eMBZYO, CHUFKHRICHYYK CH NBUPOUFCHP EEE CH 1750 ZPDKh, L FPNKh READING HUREM "RETEVPMEFSH" CHPMSHFETSHSOUFCHPN Y UFBM TECHOPUFOSHCHN "CHPMSHOSCHN LBNEOEILPN". according to RPMHYUYM PF CHEMYLPK mPODPOULPK MPTSY RBFEOF ABOUT HUTETSDEOYE OPCSHCHI MPTS, Y CH OBYUBME 1772 ZPDB UFBM rTPCHYOGYBMSHOSHCHN CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN. PUOPCHBOOBS YN UYUFENB MPTs VSCHMB OBYVPMEE CHMYSFEMSHOPK, YCH LPOGE LPOGPC DBCE THLPCHPDYFEMY GOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YURTBYCHBFSH X OEZP RBFEOF DMS PFLTSCHFIS OPCHSHCHHI NBUFETHU. y EUMY MPTSY GIOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSCH UPDBCHBMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CH UBOLF-REFETVKhTZE, FP EMBZYOULYE UHEEUFCHPCHBMY FBLTSE CH nPULCHE, CH nPMDBCHY, CH RPMSHYE.

from TBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE YULBOYS tPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP 70-I ZPDCH YUFPTYLY OBSCCHCHBAF OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHN. U FYN FTHDOP OE UZMBUIFSHUS. pVEEUFCHEOOBS RPMENYLB CH MYFETBFHTE, UBFYTYUEULYI TSKHTOBMBI FPZP READING CHTBEBEFUS CHPLTHZ RTPVMEN MYUOPK YuEUFY, UPCHEUFY, RPTSDPYUOPUFY, RTBCHDYCHPUFY, CHPCHTYOE ЪBFTBSCHPUMECHBS.
OP CH OBYUBME 80-I ZPDCH TPUUYKULYI "CHPMSHOSCHI LBNEOEILPCH" HCE RETEUFBAF HDPCHMEFCHPTSFSH "OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE RTERPDBSOYS" FTEIUFEREOOPZP NBUPOUFCHB. ChPURYFBOOSCHE ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULYI ZHYMPUPZHBI HNSCH FTEVPCHBMY OPCHPK RYEY, bNEYBOOPK OE ABOUT CHPMSHFETSHSOULPN ULERFYGYYNE, B OERTENEOOOP ABOUT TEMYZYP'OP-YDEBMYUFYUEULYI YDESI. OP BRBDOPECHTPREKULBS ZHYMPUPZHYS PRYTBMBUSH ABOUT TBCHYFHA OBHLKH, Y VPTSHVB RTPFICH OEE FTEVPCHTBMB "PTHTSYS", RTECHPUIPDSEEZP RP UYME OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHE RTPRPCHEDY. eUMMY HUEUFSH UMBVPUFSH TBCHYFYS TPUUYKULPK LTYFYUEULPK NSHCHUMY, FP OEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, UFP LFY RPYULY RTYCHEMY L RPCHBMSHOPNH HCHMEYUEOYA NYUFILPK Y OBFHTZHYMPUPZHYEK.
h FY ZPDSH RPSCHMSEFUS VPMSHYBS TBOYGB NETSDH FEN, YUEN BOINBAFUS NBUPOSHCH DCHHI TPUUYKULYI UFPMYG. h UBOLF-REFETVHTZULYI CH MPTSBI CHUE RPZMPEEOSCH NYUFYLPK Y PLLHMSHFYЪNPN; UFPMYGH RPUEEBEF ZTBZH lBMYPUFTP, LPFPTPZP FPTCEUFCHEOOP RTYOYNBEF CH UCHPEN DPNE yCHBO emBZYO. ZhTBYOBS RHVMYLB CHBMPN CHBMYF ABOUT EZP "PRSHCHFSCH", ZDE ON CHSHCHCHCHBEF DHIPCH, FEOY KHNETYI, PVCYUBEF BMIYNY Y Y "MBFPDEMBOYA". According to Rededufbchmsefus "RPMLPCHELPN Iurboulpk Umkhtsvsch", OP Chulpte h Refhhtzuli Zbyefby RPSCHMSEFUS Kommay Iurboolpzp RPN, ilblpzp FLPZP "RPMLPCHELB" On the Umkhsoma SPPHDBS " bFEN RPSCHMSAFUS RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LTEDIFPTPCH, LPFPTSHCHE TBSHCHULYCHBAF lBMYPUFTP RP CHUEK ECHTPRE. tBTBTSBEFUS ZTPNLYK ULBODBM, ZTBZH VETSYF YJ REFETVKhTZB, Y ZBEEFSH DPMZP EEE EDLP RYYHF P NBUPOBI, CHPUFPTTSEOOP RTYOYNBCHYYI RTPIPDYNGB.
h nPULCHE CH FP CHTENS NBUPOSHCH BOINBAFUS RTPUCHEFYFEMSHUFCHPN. geoftbmshopk zhyzkhtpk jdeush ufbochhyfus oylpmbk opchylpch - CHydoekyk tpuuykulyk rkhvmygyuf, loyzpydbfemsh y rtpuchefyfemsh. TBOOE TSIM hilf-Rifetvhtze, in the site of Umkhmim h Bnai, hubby h Pfufbchlh RTBRPTALPN YNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB, RPFPN YDBCHBM Ycheufoshchera UBFTYUELYULYULYULYULYELEMA RETEVTBCHYUSH H nPULCHH, BY VETEF H BTEODH FYRPZTBZHYA nPULPCHULPZP HOYCHEUYFEFB. OH CH LPFPTPFLPK UFBFSHE, OY CH FPMUFPK LOYSE OEF CHPNPTSOPUFY RETEYUYUMYFSH CHUE, UFP CHSHYMP Yb UFEO EZP FYRPZTBZHYY. FP HYUEVOYLY, MYFETBFHTOSHCHE RTPYCHEDEOYS, OBHYUOSCHE Y ZHYMPUPZHULYE FTHDSCH, TBVPFSCH THUULYI Y OBTHVETSOSCHI FEPMPZCHCH. VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH LFYI OYLPZDB H tPUUY OE YJDBCHBMBUSH, NOPZYE YJ OYI VSHMY CHETCHECHEDEOSCH U MBFYOULPZP Y OENEGLPZP SJSHCHLCH, RTYUEN RETCHPDYUYLBNY VSCHMY HOYBTUEFSHCHE. bUCHPA TsYoSH PO YdDBM VPMSHIE LOIS (OE RP FYTBTSKH, B RP OBCHBOISN!), Yuen Vshchmp Yddbop dp OEZP bb CHUA YUFPTYA ZPUHDBTUFCHB tPUUYKULPZP.

aboutBYUBMP ZPOEOIK hCHMEYUEOYE PLLHMShFYNPN Y NYUFYLPK, B FBLTS RPUFPSOOSCHE NEFBOYS TPUUYKULYI CHPMSHOSHI LBNEOEILPC, PVTBEBCHYYIUS FP L PDOPC, FP L DTHZPK NBUPOULYN UYUFENBN, UPUMKhTSYMY YNHTSTOHA. bB ULBODBMPN CHPLTKhZ ZTBZHB lBMYPUFTP RPUMEDPCHBM RBNZHMEF ELBFETYOSCH II "fBKOB RTPFYCHPOEMERPZP PVEEUFCHB", CH LPFPTPN NPTSOP VSCHMP TBZMSDEFSH RETCHSHCHE RTYOBLY RTYVMYTSBAEYIUS. at RPDPTEOYEN PLTHTSEOYE YNRETBFTYGSCH CHPURTYOYNBMP Y UCHSKY TPUUYKULYI NBUPOCH U NBUPOBNY ZETNBOYY, yCHEGYY, BOZMYY. рПУМЕ РХЗБЮЕЧУЛПЗП ЧПУУФБОЙС ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ ОБЮЙОБЕФ У ОЕДПЧЕТЙЕН, Б РПТПК Й У ЧТБЦДПК ПФОПУЙФШУС Л ЙДЕСН УЧПВПДЩ МЙЮОПУФЙ Й ОБТПДОПЗП РТПУЧЕЭЕОЙС, ТЕЧПМАГЙС ЧП жТБОГЙЙ МЙЫШ ХВЕЦДБЕФ ЕЕ, ЮФП ФБЛПЗП ТПДБ ЙДЕЙ НПЗХФ РТЕДУФБЧМСФШ ДМС НПОБТИЙЙ ПРБУОПУФШ.
l FPNKh TSE CH 80-I ZPDBI CH ZETNBOY OBYUBMPUSH HUIMEOOPE RTEUMEDPCHBOYE FBKOSHCH PVEEUFCH, YNECHYI PFOPYOYE L NBUPOUFCHH Y YMMANYOBFUFCHH. yI PVCHYOSAF CH HTSBUOSHI RTEUFHRMEOYSI, CH UFTENMEOYY OYCHETZBFSH FTPOSCH, BMFBTY, CH PFTBCHMEOYSI Y HVYKUFCHBI. IPFS LFY PVCHYOEOYS VSCHMY ZPMPUMPCHOSCHNY Y OILPZDB DPLBBSCHOE VSCHMY, POI BUFBCHYMY ELBFETYOKH RP-DTHZPNH CHZMSOHFSH ABOUT TPUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP.
ZPOEOIS OBJOYOBAFUS U RPCHSHCHIEOOOPZP CHOYNBOYS L YDDBFEMSHULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY H nPULCHE o.OPCHYLPCHB. pDOCHTENEOOP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UFBMP RTEUMEDPCBFSH Y VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB, RPD RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN LPFPTPZP UFTPMYUSH YLPMSCH, VPMSHOYGSCH. h SOCHBTE 1786 ZPDB RPSCHMSEFUS HLB P RETEDBYUE CHUEI YUBUFOSHCHI YLPM Y VPMSHOYG RTYLBKH PVEEUFCHEOOOPZP RTYJTEOYS, LPFPTPPNKh FBLTS RPCCHEMECHBMPUSH OBVMADBFSH TB CHUENY HYUTEZLEYUSNYL. тБЪДБЮБ оПЧЙЛПЧЩН ИМЕВБ РТПУФПНХ ОБТПДХ Ч ЗПМПДОПН 1687 ЗПДХ РПУМХЦЙМБ ФПМЮЛПН Л ВПМЕЕ ЬОЕТЗЙЮОЩН НЕТБН: РПУМЕДПЧБМП ЪБРТЕЭЕОЙЕ РЕЮБФБФШ Ч УЧЕФУЛЙИ ФЙРПЗТБЖЙСИ ЛОЙЗЙ, ПФОПУСЭЙЕУС Л ГЕТЛПЧОПНХ ЙМЙ УЧСЭЕООПНХ РЙУБОЙА, ЪБРТЕЭЕОБ ЙИ РТПДБЦБ Ч ЮБУФОЩИ МБЧЛБИ, ОБЛПОЕГ, РПУМЕДПЧБМП ЪБРТЕЭЕОЙЕ ПФДБЧБФШ оПЧЙЛПЧХ ХОЙЧЕТУЙФЕФУЛХА ФЙРПЗТБЖЙА, ЮФП ЗТПЪЙМП УПЧЕТЫЕООЩН RTELTBEEOYEN YODBFEMSHULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY.
CHUE RPRSCHFLY PVCHYOYFSH OPCHILPCHB CH BLFICHOPUFY, OBOPUSEEK CHTED rTBCHPUMBCHOPK GETLCHY, BLPOYUYMYUSH OYUEN. нЙФТПРПМЙФ рМБФПО, ЙЪЧЕУФОЩК ТЕЧОЙФЕМШ ПТФПДПЛУБМШОПЗП РТБЧПУМБЧЙС, РПУМЕ ВЕУЕД У о.оПЧЙЛПЧЩН РЙУБМ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГЕ: "с ПДПМЦБАУШ РП УПЧЕУФЙ Й УБОХ НПЕНХ ДПОЕУФЙ фЕВЕ, ЮФП НПМА ЧУЕЭЕДТПЗП вПЗБ, ЮФПВЩ ОЕ ФПМШЛП Ч УМПЧЕУОПК РБУФЧЕ, вПЗПН Й фПВПК НОЕ ЧЧЕТЕООПК, ОП Й ЧП ЧУЕН NYTE VSHCHMY ITYUFYBOE FBLPCHSCHE, LBL OPCHILPC".
h OBYUBME 1690-I ZPDCH oCHCHILPC VSCHM BTEUFPCHBO Y DPRTBYCHBMUS UOBYUBMB CH nPULCHE, B RPFPN VSCHM DPUFBCHMEO CH yMYUUEMSHVKhTZULHA LTERPUFSH. pDOCHTENEOOP OBYUBMPUSH UMEDUFCHIE CH PFOPIOYOY DTHZYI YUMEOPCH OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB, LPFPTPE H nPULCHE THAN LOSSH rTPЪPTCHULYK. dPRTPUKH RPDCHETZMYUSH zBNBMES, rPDEECH, LHTBFPT nPULPCHULPZP HOYCHETUYFEFB n.n.iETBULPC. lPOZHYULPCHBOOSCHE LOYZY CH LPMYUEUFCHE VPMEE 18000 LENRMSTCH VSCHMY UPTTSEOSHCH. oCHYLPCH RTCHEM H yMYUUEMSHVKhTZULPK LTERPUFY 15 MEF.
тБВПФЩ Ч НБУПОУЛЙИ МПЦБИ Ч ЬФП ЧТЕНС РТЕЛТБФЙМЙУШ, Й ЧПЪПВОПЧЙМЙУШ ФПМШЛП РП ЧПУЫЕУФЧЙЙ ОБ РТЕУФПМ ЙНРЕТБФПТБ рБЧМБ I, ЛПФПТЩК Ч ВЩФОПУФШ чЕМЙЛЙН ЛОСЪЕН ВМБЗПЧПМЙМ Л НБУПОБН Й ДБЦЕ ВЩМ РПУЧЕЭЕО Ч ЧЩУПЛЙЕ УФЕРЕОЙ. ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME UNETFY ELBFETYOSCH ON PUCHPPVPDYM OPCHYLPCHB Y CHUEI, SBNEYBOOSCHI CH FFPN DEME; LOSSH lHTBLIO, LOSSH TEROYO, vBTSEOPCH, MPRHIYO VSCHMY CHSHCHBOSH LP DCHPTH Y EEDTP CHPOBZTBTSDEOSCH.
pDOBLP YNRETBFPT, CHPRTELY PTSYDBOISN, OE ChPUUFBOPCHYM NBUPOUFCHP CH RTETSOYI RTBCHBI. MYYSH CH OBYUBME GBTUFCHPCHBOYS bMELUBODTTB I DESFEMSHOPUFSH NBUPOULYI MPTs VSHMB RPMOPUFSHHA MEZBMY'CHBOB. OP OPCHILPC Y EZP RPUMEDPCHBFEMY VPMEE OE RTYUPEDYOSMYUSH L PFLTSCHFP DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYN DCHHN LTHROEKYN UPABN - CHEMYLPK rTPCHYOGYBMSHOPK MPTS Y CHEMYLPK MPTS BUFTES.
уБН оПЧЙЛПЧ Й РПУЕМЙЧЫЙКУС Ч ЕЗП ЙНЕОЙЙ у.й.зБНБМЕС НОПЗП ТБВПФБМЙ ОБД УПЪДБОЙЕН РСФЙДЕУСФЙФПНОПК зЕТНЕФЙЮЕУЛПК ВЙВМЙПФЕЛЙ, РЕТЕРЙУЩЧБС ДМС ОЕЕ ОБЙВПМЕЕ ЧБЦОЩЕ НБУПОУЛЙЕ УПЮЙОЕОЙС Й УЮЙФБС УЧПЕК ЗМБЧОПК ЪБДБЮЕК УПИТБОЕОЙЕ ДМС РПУМЕДХАЭЙИ РПЛПМЕОЙК ДХИПЧОПЗП ОБУМЕДЙС НБУПОУФЧБ 70-80-И ЗПДПЧ.
нБУПОУЛЙЕ РПЙУЛЙ "ЙУФЙООПЗП ИТЙУФЙБОУФЧБ" ФПЗП ЧТЕНЕОЙ, УФПМШ ХЧМЕЛБЧЫЙЕ о.оПЧЙЛПЧБ, й.ч.мПРХИЙОБ, у.й.зБНБМЕС, й.р.фХТЗЕОЕЧБ Й ДТХЗЙИ НБУПОПЧ, РПМОПУФША МЕЦБФ Ч ТХУМЕ ЛПОГЕРГЙЙ "ДПУФПЙОУФЧБ ИТЙУФЙБОУФЧБ Й ОЕДПУФПЙОУФЧБ ИТЙУФЙБО", РПМХЮЙЧЫЕК YYTPLPE TBURTPUFTBOOYE CH tPUUY CH OBYUBME and CHELB. ч РПЙУЛБИ "ЙУФЙООПЗП ИТЙУФЙБОУФЧБ" ТХУУЛЙН НБУПОУФЧПН XVIII ЧЕЛБ ХЗБДЩЧБЕФУС ПДОП ЙЪ ПУОПЧОЩИ ФЕОДЕОГЙК ЧОЕГЕТЛПЧОПЗП ОБРТБЧМЕОЙС РТБЧПУМБЧОП-ИТЙУФЙБОУЛПЗП ТЕЖПТНБФПТУФЧБ XIX-XX ЧЕЛБ, УФТЕНЙЧЫЕЗП ПВТЕУФЙ "ЙУФЙООПЕ ИТЙУФЙБОУФЧП" Ч ДПРПМОЕОЙЕ Л ИТЙУФЙБОУФЧХ ФТБДЙГЙПООПНХ, МЕЦБЭЕНХ Ч ТХУМЕ ПЖЙГЙБМШОПК ГЕТЛЧЙ. yNEOOP YDEUSH METSBMY YUFPLY CHZMSDPCH CHSHCHDBAEYIUS THUULYI ZHYMPUPZHPC-YDEBMYUFPC LPOGB XIX - OBYUBMB XX CHELPC, L FTHDBN LPFPTSCHI UEKYUBU CHOPCHSH PVTBEBEFUUS TPUUYKULBS YOFEMMYZEOHYS.
h 1822 ZPDKh NBUPOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSCHMP ЪBRTEEEOP, PDOBLP OE YUYUEMP. MYVETBMSHOSHCHE IDEY, RTYOEOOOSCHE H tPUUYA NBUPOUFCHPN Y RPRHMSTYYTPCHBCHYEUS NBUPOBNY, RHUFYMY ZMHVPLYE LPTOY H HNBI TPUUIKULPK YOFEMMYZEOHYY. sing PUFBMYUSH CH RTPYCHEDEOYSI CHSHCHDBAEYIUS THUULYI RYUBFEMEK, RHVMYGYUFCH. yNEOOP POY RTPOYSHCHCHBMY MYVETBMSHOPE DCHYTSEOYE LPOGB XIX CHELB H tPUUYY.
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Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Today we will make such a cursory excursion into history and deal with another interesting word, the true meaning of which for many of us will be a surprise.

Who are the Masons, in general and in general, we already know from the school curriculum, it remains only to clarify how and why this most closed organization in the world arose and why the Masonic lodges were so powerful.

Masons - what kind of people are they and what did they do

Unlike other secret societies, the exact date of the official unification of the first four societies into a single lodge is confirmed by historical sources - it happened in England in 1717.

The day is even known when the members of the society, who used to gather in the taverns "Apple", "Grape Bunch", "Crown" and "Goose and Tray", confirmed their intention by becoming members of the newly formed Grand Lodge of London and adopting their own constitution.

An interesting fact is that these habitues of the mentioned taverns had nothing to do with construction in the modern sense, and the statement that the Masons are freemasons who were engaged in the construction of temples would not be entirely correct.

The fact is that in the era of the early Middle Ages (approximately the 5th - 11th centuries), the "Gothic" style prevailed, which required special skill from artists, architects and builders and.

Those who corresponded to the proper level united in groups (a kind of brigades of masons) and settled in close proximity to construction sites.

These communities had their own regulations and charters, each group had its own symbols and practiced its own rituals for initiation into the profession.

Class affiliation did not matter - it could be both merchants or artisans, as well as intellectuals or representatives of the aristocracy. The main thing is that they should accept the ideas of spiritual perfection, equality and brotherhood, striving for knowledge of the world.

Symbolism and sacrament of initiation into Masons

As already mentioned, there was never any dogma for Freemasonry, so the members of these secret associations could use their own rituals both for holding meetings and for initiation into membership.

From Masonic Candidates it didn't take much:

compliance with general Masonic principles;
mature age (usually at least 21 years old);
the presence of one's own will when deciding to become a Freemason;
law-abiding (no criminal record);
good public reputation;
recommendations from several full members (in different lodges there may be a different number of recommenders, but usually two or three Masons).

The ritual itself was highly symbolic. The Masonic candidate was placed for several hours in the "Reflection Room", in which everything was black. Only those objects were present in the atmosphere that could remind the future member of the lodge about the frailty of life.

After reflecting on this, a person writes his will, not mentioning anything material in it - only his moral and philosophical wishes regarding both himself, his family and other people, and his country, citizens of the world and all of humanity.

After that, the person is blindfolded, all valuables are taken away and taken to the room where the ceremony will take place. The initiation begins with the removal of a shoe from the candidate’s left foot, a trouser leg is tucked up on the right foot, and a rope loop is put on the neck as a symbol of the bonds of human imperfection.

Ritual elements may include:

moral, ethical and other moral and philosophical instructions;
dialogues and skits as a visual representation of these instructions;
musical accompaniment to enhance the experience of the subject;
solemn voicing by the candidate of his obligations over the holy book of his religion.

Then the candidate's eyes are untied and another symbolic attribute is put on him - special Masonic zapon, which is a ritual apron of a bricklayer.

After this, the venerable master who presided over the ceremony makes an announcement that there is now a new brother to those present who needs help in his difficulties. He expresses confidence that in the harsh hour of trial this brother will help others in the same way as they helped him. All welcome the newly minted member of the lodge.

Modern Freemasonry and Freemasons in Russia

It would seem: what is the need for secret communities, if today it is possible to legalize any association that would not contradict specific legislation?

So it is: Freemasonry in Russia was banned as early as 1822 by the highest rescript of Emperor Alexander I and remained banned until 1905.

But the permit for the activities of Masonic societies was valid for only 12 years - in 1918, the movement was again prohibited. And only in 1991, with the opening of the first official lodge called " North Star Freemasonry began its revival.

The main aspirations of modern Freemasonry - enlightenment and humanistic activity including a wide range of philanthropic areas. The starting point for the movement of Russian Freemasonry was set by the famous Russian scientist and philosopher Georgy Dergachev, who became the first Freemason, and then the first Grand Master of the VLR.

VLR is an abbreviation used to shorten the name of the first national Masonic society - the Grand Lodge of Russia.

Created in 1995 on the basis of four territorial lodges (Gamayun, Harmony, New Astrea and Lotus) and then uniting no more than a hundred Masons, now the VLR consists of 33 lodges with a total of about one and a half thousand active members, apart from apprentices.

Goals and mission Russian order Freemasons remain in accordance with ancient traditions:

education - education, translations and publication of the most valuable works of eminent historians, scientists and thinkers of a world scale, increase;
charity - support for orphanages, orphanages, hospitals, help for the elderly and single mothers, and single-parent families;
humanitarian aid;
participation in current social projects.

The list of the most “declassified” Russian Freemasons is adorned with rather big names, and the first of them is Andrey Bogdanov, who ran for president in the 2008 elections. However, we will not list the rest of the names, since the name of Bogdanov, as the great master of VLR, is documented, and there are only rumors and assumptions about all the others.

About Russian Freemasonry interesting video, in which the journalists of "Mir 24" reveal the undercover secrets of the Masonic lodges of Russia and their true purpose:

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

Regular Freemasonry

Regularity (see also Freemasonry, Regularity) is the mechanism by which relationships in Freemasonry (brotherhood) are established. It is implemented practically with the help of a system of recognition of the Grand Lodges (VL) by each other on a reciprocal basis.

The concept of regularity in Freemasonry is relatively young, it arose at the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of the spread of Freemasonry in the world. For the first time, the principles of regularity (Basic Principles) (English) (see also) were published by the United Grand Lodge of England (UKLA) in 1929, and later confirmed by it in 1938 in the document Aims and Relationships of the Craft (English). Other Grand Lodges of the world, with minor variations, have adopted similar principles and standards of regularity. At present, the adherence to regularity and its recognition allow, with the autonomy of the national Grand Lodges and mutual respect for their sovereignty, to be world regular Freemasonry in an integrated state and create conditions for the preservation of Masonic traditions, testify to the commitment to basic Masonic values.

Regularity standards include:

With organizations that are not recognized as regular, but, nevertheless, consider themselves Masonic, relations in regular Freemasonry are excluded, regular Masons are not allowed to attend their meetings. Grand Lodges usually publish in special editions lists of Masonic jurisdictions (Grand Lodges, Grand Orients) that are in a relationship of recognition with them (see, for example, UGLE Recognized Grand Lodges).

Issues of recognition and relations are often dealt with by special commissions (systematizing information and developing expert opinions regarding the compliance of a particular Grand Lodge with regularity standards), in the USA, where Grand Lodges operate in each state, and recently Prince Hall Grand Lodges (created by African Americans), there is a general recognition commission that meets annually.

In many countries (including Russia) there is a principle that within a country or territory there can be only one regular Grand Lodge, however, historically and at present there are countries in the world where more than one overhead line operates in one territory, if there are between these VL agreements on the so-called. "division of territory" or mutual recognition.

Regular Freemasonry is the strongest and most numerous in the world. AT modern Russia it is represented by the Grand Lodge of Russia (VLR). This is the only organization in Russia related to regular Freemasonry.

Requirements for candidates

The main requirements for candidates follow from general principles movement. The candidate confirms his faith in God, the Supreme Being. In The Book of Constitutions, compiled by the London preacher James Anderson, the Mason was ordered not to be "neither a stupid atheist nor an irreligious freethinker", to support civil authorities. The candidate must be of mature age (at least 21 in most Grand Lodges of the world), decide to become a Freemason of their own free will, be of good repute, be "free and of good morals".

The traditional rule when joining the Order sounds like "to be a Mason, ask a Mason about it", "2 be 1 ask 1", the initiative for admission to the lodge must come from the candidate. The candidate may apply to the Lodge at the place of residence. To join the lodge, you need the recommendations of its full members, one way or another, the entry is preceded by a certain period of acquaintance with the Masons, who recommend the candidate. Some jurisdictions require an applicant to apply for membership 3 times, however this is becoming less common. In some jurisdictions, entry information is open so that a potential candidate knows where to find more information.

The decision on his entry into the lodge is made by secret ballot. Members voting to join use white stones (balls are most commonly used in the ritual); those who are against are black. The number of nay votes required to reject a candidate's application is set by the local Grand Lodge, and is 1 vote in some jurisdictions.

Lodge membership and religious beliefs

The religious beliefs of the candidate are the subject of his conscience. When joining, the candidate brings an obligation to the Holy Book of the faith that he professes, and which embodies the Revelation above his faith, it can be the Bible, Koran, Torah, etc. Usually the candidate belongs to one of the traditional confessions, respectively, Christianity, Islam, Judaism , etc. (in lodges that are recognized as regular), however, in irregular lodges of continental European Freemasonry, the requirements for the candidate’s faith are weakened, the candidate is allowed to accept the philosophy of deism or God - the “Great Architect of the Universe” as an abstract idea-symbol, or are completely canceled , and atheists and agnostics can enter the box.

Rite of passage

At the beginning of the rite, a candidate for Masons is taken to the Reflection Room, painted black, the furnishings of which correspond to the name, it may contain objects that remind the candidate of the frailty of life. In it, the candidate will write on paper a moral and philosophical testament, his wishes and vows regarding himself and other people, his country, family and humanity as a whole. Then he will be asked to reaffirm his faith in God.

Before entering the temple where the initiation takes place, the candidate is blindfolded. As a sign of humility, the candidate is “neither dressed nor undressed” (partially undressed, and the left chest is bare as a sign of openness of the heart), all valuables (“metals”) are taken away from him, his right leg is rolled up and his left shoe is removed. A rope is put around his neck, symbolizing the bonds of human imperfection. The candidate is taken to the premises of the temple (lodge meeting room), where he goes through ritual tests, listens to instructions of a moral and philosophical nature, participates in small scenes and dialogues, the purpose of which is to visually present the moral instructions of the ritual. At the end of the ceremony, he makes a solemn commitment to the Holy Book of the religion he professes (usually the Bible, a compass and square are also placed on it). Then the bandage is removed for the candidate, saying that he has now “passed the tests and is worthy of the Light”, a Masonic apron is put on him, and after that the presiding officer of the ceremony (Venerable Master) announces to those present that they have now found a new brother and calls to help him in difficulties, being sure that he will help them in difficult times. Often the initiation ceremony is accompanied by musical accompaniment, which further enhances the impression of the candidate.

The initiation rite is described by L. N. Tolstoy, who himself was initiated into the first degree, in "War and Peace" (an episode with the initiation of Pierre Bezukhov), but there are also more modern sources of a scientific nature about Masonic rituals.

Freemasonry in Russia

Freemasonry appeared in Russia in the middle of the 18th century. In Masonic legends, Peter I and his associates Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon are often referred to as the founders of Freemasonry in Russia. This version, however, has no documentary evidence. The first reliable news of the beginning of Freemasonry in Russia dates back to 1731, when the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of London, Lord Lovell, appointed Captain John Philips as Provincial Grand Master for Russia. Freemasonry became widespread in Russia with the founding of several lodges in the 1740s by General of the Russian Service James Keith. The documents of the Grand Lodge of England indicate that in 1740 he was appointed provincial Grand Master for Russia. Initially, most of the members of Russian lodges were foreigners - officers in the Russian service and merchants, but soon the number of Russian-born Masons began to grow. In the 1750s, a lodge under the leadership of Count R. I. Vorontsov worked in St. Petersburg.

An alternative Elagin Masonic system was the so-called Swedish or Zinnendorf system, founded by the former chamberlain of the Braungschweig court P.-B. Reichel. In 1772-1776, Reichel founded several more lodges: Apollo (St. Petersburg), Harpocrates (St. Petersburg), Apollo (Riga), Isis (Revel), Horus (St. Petersburg) , "Latons" (St. Petersburg), "Nemesis" (St. Petersburg) and "Osiris" (St. Petersburg - Moscow). In 1776, after negotiations, the Elagin and Reichel lodges merged into a single system.

A new stage in the development of Russian Freemasonry is associated with the name of N. I. Novikov, who joined the Freemasons in 1775 in one of the Elagin lodges. Together with Johann Schwartz, Novikov launched a broad propaganda campaign in Moscow, where the center of activity of Russian Freemasonry had shifted. On August 1, 1822, Masonic lodges were officially closed by the imperial rescript of Alexander I.

A new stage in the spread of Freemasonry in Russia dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, when lodges of the so-called “Great Orient of France” became widespread in Russia - then transformed into the “Great Orient of the Peoples of Russia”. Freemasonry at the beginning of the 20th century was openly political in nature.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Masonic organizations were banned, Masons were persecuted by the VChK-GPU-NKVD.

A small number of Russian lodges worked in exile, primarily in France. Over time, the number of Russian Freemasons decreased due to the aging of emigrants. During the German occupation of France during World War II, the remaining Russian lodges were closed along with all French lodges.

Historians of Freemasonry

Sergey Karpachev

Freemasonry in film

The mystery of the villa "Gretta" ()
Bankers of God / The Bankers of God ()

"All-seeing eye" on banknotes

The All-Seeing Eye is depicted on the banknotes of several countries. So on the reverse side of the 1 US dollar bill since 1935, the Great Seal of the United States has been placed, which depicts a truncated pyramid with an eye. The initiators of the banknote change were G. Wallace and F. Roosevelt, its designer was Edward M. Wicks, supervisor of the Engraving Department of the Bureau for the Issue of Banknotes and Securities under the US Treasury Department (artist Nicholas Roerich, to whom some authors erroneously attribute the idea of drawing the banknote, did not has nothing to do with it). The All-Seeing Eye is also depicted on the Nicaraguan banknote (1 cordoba) and on the Ukrainian banknote of 500 hryvnia (the author of the drawing is Grigory Skovoroda).

Miscellaneous links

Notes

After amalgamation in 1813 with another Grand Lodge of the Ancients which had arisen in 1751, see GVLA History, 18th/19th century.
which in turn refer to more ancient origin of this and other basic Masonic principles, see, for example, Anderson's Constitution of 1823.
T. A. Sherkova. "Eye of Horus": eye symbolism in pre-dynastic Egypt. "Bulletin of Ancient History", No. 4, 1996
Amulets and symbols of the Egyptians
Pendant "Eye of Horus"
Landmarks are ancient commandments, a set of traditional principles of Freemasonry, a Masonic lodge, "landmarks" that separate Freemasonry from what is not. The most famous collection of landmarks is the landmarks of Makei. Landmarks are reflected in the constitutions of modern lodges, the principles of regularity.
http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/masony/4.php
S. P. Karpachev, Secrets of the Masonic Orders, M., Yauza Press, 2007.
V. S. BRACHEV Masons in Russia
"Charter of Freemasons"
About the Grand Lodge of Russia, VLR website.
S. P. Karpachev, Guide to Masonic Secrets (library of a freemason), M., "Center for Humanitarian Education", 2003.

“And soon, soon the strife among the slave people will cease, you will take a hammer in your hand and cry out: freedom!” - wrote A.S. Pushkin, referring to one of the most famous Masons in Russia - General Pushchin. Who are they - Masons? This society seems too encrypted, but it always seems curious to lift the veil of secrecy. Successful old men in long robes with large hoods, who build their conspiracy theories while drinking whiskey - this is exactly the image of the Freemasons.develops in people, thanks to popular culture. What exactly do Masons do? Few people can answer this question with certainty. Let's try to understand the system of Masonic lodges and symbols, answer the main questions about their history and activities and make this "secret society" not so secret.

Who are the Masons?

Freemasons are such an organization of a religious and ethical orientation, which is spread all over the world. People belonging to this organization strive for self-improvement and knowledge of the world in accordance with certain principles. In total, there are about five million members of this society in the world. The philosophy of Freemasonry includes elements of different beliefs, but is not an independent religion. Initially, Masons gathered to solve some issues of ethics and morality. However, over time, they began to be occupied with the problems of the world order and world governance. This is how the famous Masonic conspiracy theories appeared.

Masons are a secret society?

Not really. Freemasons themselves do not call themselves a secret society, but a "society with secrets." They can calmly talk about their belonging to the Masonic clan. The only thing they must always remain silent about is the secrets of their order.

By the way, Masons have their own hierarchy: apprentice, apprentice and master. The degree of a Mason correlates with the level of his personal development.

So, at the stage of the student, the Mason is engaged in self-knowledge and self-improvement. In the second degree, a person carefully studies the world, the philosophy of its perception, the human mind. The master's degree implies the study of the subject of death. There is no higher degree than master, but some lodges may award additional degrees.

What is a Masonic lodge?

A Masonic lodge is a place where members of the society hold meetings (meetings are called "works" in Masonic parlance).

Lodges, like their members, have their own hierarchy.

The main ones - the great lodges - manage the smaller ones - the Masonic ones. As a rule, lodges are formed according to the principle of proximity to the place of residence. In some cases, they can be formed according to interests, professions. Master Masons may also form special research lodges in which members study Freemasonry itself. Masonic lodges are also divided into Ioannovsky, St. Andrew's and Red, depending on the adopted charter and faith. Moreover, depending on the rituals, for example, a separate feasting box or a bed of sorrow are singled out.

Who controls the Masons?

Freemasons do not have a single leader. None of the members of the Masonic lodges can speak on behalf of the entire brotherhood. Only the Grand Lodge has such a right. Even in landmarks (the so-called precepts of Freemasonry) the principle of equality of members of the brotherhood in front of each other is spelled out.

Where did they even come from - Masons?

Freemasonry has its origins in the late 16th - early 17th centuries.

It is believed that the first Freemasons were masons, which is quite logical, since the literal translation of the word "mason" from French is "freemason". The date of the beginning of the movement of the society of Masons around the world is considered to be the day of the founding of the Grand Lodge of London - June 24, 1717. It was on this day that four craft lodges: "Apple", "Crown", "Grape Bunch", "Goose and Tray", named after the taverns where they met, united into one "Grand Lodge of London".

In the XVIII century, Freemasonry is gaining popularity in Europe. Lodges of a secret society appear in Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland. Moreover, they expanded at a tremendous pace: in Paris alone, in seven years (from 1735 to 1742), the number of Masonic organizations increased from 5 to 22.

I heard that Freemasonry was “brought” to Russia by Peter the Great. This is true?

Yes. According to historians, it was Peter the Great with his associates Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon who founded the Russian Lodge.

According to legend, Peter the Great was a member of one of the lodges in Amsterdam. These are just guesses.

It is only known for certain that the first Masonic lodge in Russia arose in 1731. Masons have always been disliked in our country. Catherine II, for example, believed that Western European rulers would pursue their policy through secret societies. Masonic lodges were either opened or banned. And if in Russian Empire Freemasons had the right to exist, for example, under Alexander I, then in the USSR this became impossible. Only on June 24, 1995, the Grand Lodge of Russia was re-established. Its members meet once a month. At their meetings after the official part, during dinner, they always raise toasts to Russia, to the president of our state and to the box. By the way, women are not allowed to join the ranks of Russian "freemasons".

They say Pushkin, Suvorov, Kutuzov were Freemasons

Of course, singing the ideals of freedom, self-improvement, Freemasonry attracted the intellectual elite of Russia. The official website of Russian Freemasons says that Kutuzov, Suvorov, and Pushkin were Freemasons. Pushkin wrote in his diary: "On May 4, I was admitted to the Masons." However, according to literary critics, he was a freemason only on paper and soon left the lodge. But it is known for certain that Chaadaev, Trubetskoy, Zhukovsky, Bazhenov were involved in the "society with secrets". By the way, literary circles were actively created around Masonic lodges. And in the works of L.N. Tolstoy, Pisemsky, Gumilyov, Masonic themes are traced.

How to recognize Masons?

There are no special signs, symbols, algorithms that would help to calculate the Masons. The lists of all members of the Masons are kept secret. To distinguish "ours", certain signs and gestures are used. For example, the symbol of the pyramid (rhombus or triangle), the triple six (666 or the "ok" sign), the devil's horn, the sign of the hidden eye. Freemasons also have a special handshake style (the thumb is placed in the space between the second and third fingers of the hand of another Freemason).

In Freemasonry, as in any closed society, there is a certain symbolism. Among the main symbols are those associated with construction: the level is a symbol of the equality of estates, the plumb line is the pursuit of excellence, the hammer is a symbol of the fact that one should not give up life outside of brotherhood, the compass is a symbol of moderation and prudence, the goniometer is justice.

One of the main symbols is the acacia, which stands for purity and holiness. It is also common to use the "Radiant Delta" - a triangle with an open eye inside. This image itself is borrowed from Christianity: the triangle denotes the trinity, and the eye is the “All-Seeing Eye”. In Freemasonry, the "Radiant Delta" is a symbol of the Creator's all-penetration, and in liberal Freemasonry (yes, there is such a thing) it is a sign of enlightenment.

However, it is not necessary to immediately rank all the images of the “All-Seeing Eye” on architectural monuments as Masonic symbols. According to urbanists, everything that passes for Masonic symbols, in fact, is either the symbols of the guild of architects, or the symbols are originally Christian.

Freemasons and conspiracy theorists see their symbols in everything: on the American dollar, on the Ukrainian banknote of 500 hryvnias and even on the coat of arms of the USSR (the intersection of the hammer and sickle can be interpreted as establishing and maintaining the power of the Masons with the help of harsh repressions. Ears of wheat at the same time mean a symbol of wealth, money and prosperity).

What is Liberal Freemasonry? Is it like the liberal party?

What the liberal party has in common is the principle of freedom. In the case of liberal Freemasonry, this is the principle of absolute freedom of conscience. This trend was born in the homeland of everything liberal - in France.

It was the liberal Masons who allowed women to join their ranks.

There are two main currents of Freemasonry: regular, which is subordinate to the "United Grand Lodge of England" and liberal - under the leadership of the "Grand Orient de France".

And all American presidents were Freemasons.

Oddly enough, but many US presidents were indeed members of Masonic lodges. Among them: George Washington, Warren Harding, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Gerald Ford. The creator of the Statue of Liberty, Frederick Bartholdi, among other things, was also a Freemason.

How to become a Mason?

You don't need to possess any supernatural wealth, contrary to the popular stereotype. All requirements for candidates follow from the basic Masonic principles. According to them, a person must have the means to pay membership dues. However, in some countries Masons abolish this property qualification (for example, in Italy).

The main thing is that a person must prove his faith in God, reach a mature age (in most grand lodges - 21 years old), be "free and good morals", that is, accept independent solution about joining a fraternity, to have a good reputation and not to have problems with the law.

After the decision is made, one should go to the local lodge and get a few recommendations from its current members. Admission to Freemasonry is decided by secret ballot. In some lodges, if only one person voted against, then the candidacy is already rejected.

I'm an atheist. Will I not be accepted into the lodge?

Maybe. Freemasonry is always based on religious beliefs: Christianity, Judaism and others. To become a Freemason, you must believe in any higher power. In Liberal Freemasonry, however, it is assumed that a potential member of the society adheres to the philosophy of deism or believes in God as an abstract principle. The Grand Lodge of Russia, for example, sometimes even allows atheists to be members.

P.S. We hope that after reading the article, you will not look everywhere for secret symbols and conspiracy theories. By the way, Masons are very fond of Mozart. In their opinion, in his "Magic Flute" he revealed Masonic secrets, for which he was later poisoned. When it is played at the Vienna Opera, Masons are sure to get up. Well, it already is, another interesting fact.

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