The School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first specialized technical educational institution in Russia and the second in Europe with basic mathematical training. Created by the Decree of Peter I in 1701, from 1702 it occupied the premises of the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. Until 1706, it was controlled from the Armory, later by the Order of the Navy and the Admiralty College. In 1715 it was divided into the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg and N.sh. in Moscow (operated until 1752). The school taught A.D. Farvarson, L.F. Magnitsky, graduates of the London Royal School of Mathematics S. Gwin and R. Grace. School students received support from the treasury, most of the students were children of townspeople aged 14 to 20 years. The training cycle included three levels: arithmetic, higher mathematics and practical navigation. For further specialization, graduates were sent for practice in maritime affairs to the fleet, for geodetic and architectural and construction work. By decree of 1714, graduates of N.sh. were also sent as teachers to digital schools. Especially for N.sh. printed study guides: "Arithmetic" Magnitsky (1703), "Tables of logarithms and sines" Farvarson, Gwin and Magnitsky (1704). From the 10s. 18th century N.sh. gradually acquired the features of a closed estate educational institution (special decrees set a percentage for the nobility). (B.M. Bim-Bad "Pedagogical encyclopedic Dictionary". M., 2002, p.156) See also Primary education
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SCHOOL OF NAVIGATION
School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first in Russia and the second in Europe specialized tech. uch. institution with basic mathematics. preparation. Created by the Decree of Peter I in 1701, from 1702 it occupied the premises of the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. Until 1706, it was controlled from the Armory, later by the Order of the Navy and the Admiralty College. In 1715 it was divided into the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg, where Art. students and most of the teachers, and N. sh. in Moscow, where Math. training was in effect until 1752.
Peter I, during his first trip abroad, adopted in England into Russian. the service of the first teachers of N. sh .: A. D. Farvarson, navigation instructors - graduates of the London Royal Mathematics. schools of S. Gwin (1683-1720) and R. Grace (1681-1711). In 1701, L. F. Magnitsky, who was in charge of all adm. school affairs.
The first enrollment of students was 200 people; by the time of separation in N. sh. there were 500 people who received maintenance "from the treasury" (which depended on academic performance and the level of education). Most of the students were children of townspeople (clerks, townspeople, clergy) aged 14 to 20 years. Uch. the cycle included three levels: arithmetic, higher mathematics with elements of geometry, trigonometry, astronomy and physics. geography, practical navigation. Pupils went through the entire cycle of training, mainly in three years.
For further specialization, graduates who received basic training in N. sh. were sent for practice in maritime affairs to the fleet (in Russia and abroad - for the first time in 1706 - about 30 people, later up to 50 people annually), to geodetic ( laying roads, "measuring" plans and "land maps") and architecturally builds. work. By decree of 1714, graduates of N. sh. were also sent as teachers to provincial digital schools. With the organization in Moscow of new prof. uch. institutions (Artillery, Engineering School), the students of the latter were early. math. training at the Sukharev tower.
Especially for N. sh. for the first time in Russian history. education, printed textbooks were prepared. manuals: "Arithmetic" by Magnitsky (1703), "Tables of logarithms and sines" by Farvarson, Gwin and Magnitsky (1714), handwritten textbooks were also used. The students received practical skills in drawing and using navigational and geodetic. tools (as part of N. sh. there was a tool workshop). In 1702-03), the Sukharev Tower was specially completed for the needs of the school: in one of the chambers, students who did not have housing lived, in the others, apart from the classrooms, there were “chambers” for the so-called. foreign teachers.
The surviving information testifies to high level performance and relates, the stability of the composition of students. Pupils were not only fined for absenteeism, but also encouraged with payments of maintenance in advance. Lump sum allowances were issued to students "on occasion" (in connection with a fire, the birth of children, the construction of a house, etc.). The best students helped in organizing the school. process; there was a post of elder.
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The cadet corps, as indicated in the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, originally arose in Prussia. In 1659, schools were established there to prepare noble children for military service, and in the same year the first cadet school was established for noble children military service. In 1716 King Frederick I of Prussia formed a company of cadets in Berlin. In the Prussian likeness, cadet corps arose in France, Denmark and a number of other European countries.
Pupils of cadet schools began to be called cadets. The word "cadet" comes from the French "cadet", which means junior, minor. So called in pre-revolutionary France before being promoted to officers, young nobles enrolled in military service. From France, the name "cadet" passed to all European states.
In Russia, cadets appeared simultaneously with the establishment of the cadet corps in 1731. The appearance of the first cadet corps in Russia was preceded by the creation by Peter I of specialized military noble schools, and primarily navigation, artillery and engineering.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND NAVIGATIONAL SCIENCES
On January 14, 1701, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was created.
The school was ordered to accept the sons of "noble, clerk, clerk, from the houses of boyars and other ranks" from 12 to 17 years of age; later they began to accept 20-year-olds, "you need not only to sail, but also artillery and engineering."
The set of students was defined as 500 people, and those who had more than five peasant households were kept at their own expense, all the rest received "feed money".
The school curriculum consisted of Russian literacy, artillery, geometry and trigonometry, with practical applications to geodesy and navigation; taught and "rapier science". Pupils from the lower classes were taught only literacy and arithmetic and were appointed at the end of school as clerks, assistant architects and to various positions in the admiralty; students from the nobility at the end of the full course of study were released into the fleet, engineers, artillery, conductors to the quartermaster general and to architectural affairs. They should have received further knowledge already in the service itself.
Prepared at school primary teachers, which were sent to the provinces, for teaching mathematics at bishops' houses and monasteries, in admiralty and digital schools.
With the establishment of the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg in 1715, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences lost its significance as an independent institution and turned into only a preparatory institution for this academy.
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS
The first Military Engineering School was created by the personal Decree of Peter I on January 16, 1712 in Moscow. At first, 23 students studied in it, but on November 19, 1713, by the Decree of the Senate, it was ordered “to recruit 77 more people to this school, from all ranks of people, also from court children, behind whom there are up to 50 households; and teach engineering so that they can absorb the teachings.”
In 1719, on March 17, an Engineering company was established in St. Petersburg under the command of engineer-colonel Coulomb, to which it was ordered to transfer from the Moscow Engineering School all the available number of students, their engineering teachers with their tools and other property. At the St. Petersburg Engineering School, they taught arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry and fortification, and the basics of hydraulics. The acquired knowledge was consolidated in practical classes. Those who successfully completed the course of sciences received the rank of conductors in the engineering team or were transferred as sergeants and corporals to an engineering company. Poorly successful people entered there as simple miners and rose in ranks only when they proved their perfect knowledge of their business. This rule also applied to conductors who were not promoted to warrant officers if they were carelessly conducting practical exercises.
Conductors released from school applied their knowledge in the construction of fortifications, the construction and repair of fortresses.
Lazy and incapable students were to be expelled from the engineering school and sent to ordinary miners. For example, in 1727, 12 people were expelled from the engineering school to be miners.
In 1728, at the engineering school, the set of students from 150 people was reduced to 60, but in 1742 their total number increased again to the original figure due to the opening of a new engineering school in Moscow by 60 and an increase in the number of students in the St. Petersburg school up to 90 people.
Since 1756, the St. Petersburg Engineering School came under the special jurisdiction of engineer-general Avraam Petrovich Gannibal. The School of Engineering was located initially on the Moscow side, then from 1733 - at the Engineering Yard, which belonged to Count Burkhard Christoph (Christopher Antonovich) Minich. There was also a regimental church, a drawing room, an archive, a model chamber, a school, a hospital, a guard room, a prisoner's room, and living quarters at the end of the courtyard, in which teachers, conductors, and, since 1734, students of the school were placed.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLS
The first artillery schools arose at the beginning of the 18th century. along with engineering. Of the earliest, a school is known that has existed since 1698 under the bombardier company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The bombardment company itself was established in 1695 by Peter I. Two years later, setting off on a trip to Europe, he "sent to be trained several people close to him and his fellow bombardiers." It was they who later became the teachers of the first artillery school, established under the Artillery Regiment in March 1712 under the command of Major General Ginter. It was recruited from the soldiers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. It taught arithmetic, geometry, the beginnings of trigonometry, fortification (field fortifications, attacking fortresses) and artillery (building scales, drawing carriages and guns, preparing gunpowder, shooting rules). Theoretical material was consolidated in practical classes. Students who successfully completed their studies at school received the rank of scorer, which opened the way for them to promotion in the guards or field artillery. If there were vacancies, they were promoted to officers.
In 1721, by the highest registered decree of March 13, a special school for 30 people was founded in St. Petersburg, in which artillerymen in the service were trained; On May 20, 1730, another artillery school for 60 people was also established in St. Petersburg to train clerical and regimental clerks and sons of “craftsmen and other artillery servants aged 7 to 15 years”, which later received the name of the Artillery Arithmetic School. It was located on the Foundry against the Artillery Yard. The head of the school was the Junker Bayonet Voronov, and from 1733 Borisov from the Moscow Artillery School.
In 1735, a drawing and artillery school for 30 noble and officer children was opened in St. Petersburg. In it, they were taught mainly mathematical sciences and artillery and released as non-commissioned officers in the artillery. From October 10, after the approval of a single staff, the school became known as the St. Petersburg Artillery School. It consisted of two departments: one (for 60 people) trained clerks and artisans from "Pushkar" children, the other - for 30 people, mainly from noble and officer children - was intended for teaching mathematical sciences and artillery art and released non-commissioned officers into artillery. The newly created school was divided into 3 classes. Pupils of the 3rd grade were taught arithmetic, 2nd grade - geometry and trigonometry, scale, drawings of guns and mortars with their accessories. In the first grade, "other artillery sciences and drawings" were studied.
Since 1737, the arithmetic school became a preparatory school for entering the artillery. In the artillery school, as well as in the engineering school, supernumerary students from fairly well-to-do families with more than 20 households were admitted. In addition to the set, it was also allowed to recruit the sons of poor nobles who did not have any means and received maintenance from the treasury.
Artillery and engineering schools were under the command of the Feldzeugmeister General, who successively were Count B.-K. Minich, Prince of Hesse-Homburg, Prince V. A. Repnin and since 1756 - Count P. I. Shuvalov.
JOINT ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SCHOOL
It was formed by the decision of General Feldzeugmeister Count P. I. Shuvalov on August 22, 1758 on the basis of the merger of the St. Petersburg Engineering and Artillery schools. For this purpose, the Artillery School was transferred to the St. Petersburg side, to the Engineering Yard, where, as already mentioned, since 1733 the Engineering School was located. Engineer-Captain Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov, who previously headed the School of Engineering, was approved as the immediate head of the United Artillery and Engineering School.
In 1759, the 2nd department was opened at the United Artillery and Engineering School, which received the name of the United Soldiers' School, formed from the Arithmetic School (for soldiers' children) and transferred from the St. Petersburg Fortress of the Engineering School for children of engineering servants. The number of pupils from the nobles who made up the 1st department of the Artillery and Engineering School was determined at 135 people: 75 from the Engineering School, 60 from the Artillery School.
At the same time, special persons from the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification were appointed to monitor the schools - curators of the schools: Engineering - General Engineer A.P. Gannibal, Artillery - Lieutenant General I.F. Glebov.
The training ground on the Vyborg side, created at the direction of A.P. Gannibal back in 1753, was transferred to the school to show fortification works to engineering students. On the training ground, the senior students of the United School were to perform the duties of non-commissioned officers, corporals and enlisted men; along with them, all the minors were sent to the teachings, so that they, “noting the teachings, would themselves learn, looking at the elders.”
The educational process at school was also improved: the practical orientation was strengthened training sessions, the teaching of the German language was introduced, the volume of hours for military sciences and mathematics was increased, a library, a museum and a printing house were founded, and an infirmary was established.
The United School was staffed by the best teachers of the Artillery and Engineering Schools: I. A. Velyashev-Volintsev, Ya. P. Kozelsky, I. F. Kartmazov and others.
In the United Artillery and Engineering School in 1759-1761 he studied and at the same time taught arithmetic and geometry at the United Soldiers' School, the future commander Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the military schools created by Peter I. They became the cornerstone underlying the scientific education of Russian artillerymen, naval sailors and engineers, although due to the limited period of study, which varied mainly from two to four years, they could not give young noblemen a complete and versatile general education and at the proper level to prepare them for military service in officer positions. Exactly because of this reason long time military schools released only non-commissioned officers and conductors into the troops, who, in turn, replenished and improved their professional knowledge at the place of service. Because of this, pupils of schools had a weak humanitarian education, and their physical training left much to be desired. The short period of training also did not allow to fully give the future officers a “military leaven”, more purposefully educate them in the spirit of following military traditions, regulations, and the army way of life. But most of all, it was not satisfying that the number of school graduates no longer corresponded to the growing needs of the army in officer cadres.
For the above reasons, it became necessary to create new military educational institutions of a closed type with a longer period of study than in military schools - cadet corps.
Exactly 315 years have passed since Emperor Peter I founded the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow.
It gave rise to the emergence of the entire naval education in the country and was able to meet the needs of the fleet in qualified personnel in the 18th century.
the site tells how education was built at the school, where Peter the Great himself selected pupils.
Tower training
The creation of an institution for the training of qualified maritime personnel was of great importance at the beginning of the 18th century. This was dictated, among other things, by the needs of the Northern War. Peter I sought to create a modern and strong fleet for the needs of the empire. For him, naval officers were needed, who at that time were trained from the nobles abroad, which was very expensive for the treasury. Then the question arose about the training of personnel in the country.
Peter the Great thought about creating a school during his trip to Europe, but the order to open a mathematical and navigational school in the workshops of the Linen Yard in Kadashevskaya Sloboda was issued only in January 1701. However, these premises were not adapted for conducting astronomical observations, so already in June the educational institution moved to the premises of the Sukharev Tower, now destroyed. The boyar Fyodor Golovin headed the school at that time.
Northern War: Ezel battle. Alexey Bogolyubov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The pupils of the institution were not only sailors. Graduates were hired as engineers, surveyors, builders, gunners, teachers, shipbuilders and metallurgists. Here, according to the decree of the king, the children of townspeople of all classes, except for serfs, were accepted. The arrivals, who were supposed to be from 12 to 17 years old, were examined by Peter I himself. The emperor sent the rich and capable to the guards or study abroad, and assigned the rest to the Navigation School. Later, the age of recruits was increased to 20 years. The school was predominantly filled with children of the lower classes, but there were students and noble families. Here, for example, the princes Volkonsky, Dolgorukov, Prozorovsky and Sheremetyev were trained. School students were called midshipmen - future officers Russian army and fleet.
For absenteeism - death
A few years before the opening of the School of Navigation, Peter I brought from Europe a mathematics teacher, professor at Aberdeen University, Andrew Farvarson. With him came to Russia and other English teachers. For four years they eked out a miserable existence, but then, when the school opened, they were settled in the building of the Sukharev Tower.
Sukharev tower - the bride of Ivan the Great and the home of the sorcerer. Photo: Public Domain / F. Benois. Engraving. 1846
There were four teachers at the school - three foreigners: Farvarson, who taught children mathematics, astronomy and marine sciences, Stefan Gwin and Richard Grace, who specialized in navigational sciences and fencing, and one Russian - Leonty Magnitsky. The latter taught the midshipmen literacy, writing, and arithmetic. He was also fluent in Greek, Latin, Italian and German languages, possessed an extensive baggage of information on astronomy and navigation.
Magnitsky, despite the fact that he was the person on whom the entire educational process rested, received less than his overseas colleagues, who even allowed themselves to oversleep classes. The Russian teacher remained in Moscow the only one of the four teachers when the school was transferred to St. Petersburg in 1715. Magnitsky then took former students as his assistants.
Practice has established that children of the lower classes and ranks (not nobles) passed only the first two stages of education, that is, the program of ordinary Russian and digital schools. And then they were sent as clerks to various officials or to study the specialties of the admiralty artisans, assistant architects, pharmacists, doctors. The children of the nobility went further and studied special marine sciences, and then they were sent from land-based Moscow across the sea or to Kronstadt for compulsory practice on sea ships, shipyards, and road construction.
Some students could complete the school course in four years, but there were cases that for some this process was delayed as much as 13 years. Because of the Northern War with the Swedes, young navigators were immediately sent to warships of the Baltic squadron.
In general, the life and customs of the Navgiatsk school are described in Nina Sorotkina's novel "Three from the Navigational School", which was later used as a basis for the well-known Russian multi-part film "Midshipmen - forward!".
Frame from the film "Midshipmen, forward!", 1987 Photo: Frame from the film
The institution was famous for its severe discipline, since Peter the Great considered the training of personnel here to be a matter of special national importance. The holidays were small, and I had to work up to 10 hours a day. Some of the students lived in the school building.
The course of the classes was followed not only by the teacher, but also by the present "uncle" with a whip. He could use it for extraneous conversations or in the event that a slob interferes with a neighbor on the bench. For any violation of the students were punished with rods, usually on Saturdays after the bath. Walking was severely fined. The student who did not pay was put up in the schoolyard and publicly flogged until relatives or comrades contributed money. The parents of a truant could have their property confiscated.
There was a death penalty for running away from school. Relatives for applying for the release of their children from school were threatened with hard labor. For incorrigible poor progress in the sciences, students were given into soldiers, sailors; sometimes they were sent to hard labor.
Transfer to St. Petersburg
The first graduation of the school took place in 1705. It was completed by 64 people. Until 1716, 1,200 people graduated from the institution. Many of them distinguished themselves in the Northern War, participated in numerous expeditions, and compiled nautical charts of the maritime possessions returned to the country. The students of the school were the hydrograph Fyodor Ivanovich Soymonov and the author of the first economic and geographical description of Russia, Ivan Kirillovich Kirillov.
A memorial sign in honor of Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky, installed at the location of the former Patriarchal Sloboda in the city of Ostashkov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Among the graduates of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences are Admiral Nikolai Fyodorovich Golovin (son of Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, who headed the School of Navigation), Admiral Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov, navigators and discoverers of new lands, the first Russian polar explorers and travelers Alexei Ilyich Chirikov, Fedor Fedorovich Luzhin, Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev, Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin, Ivan Mikhailovich Evreinov, Stepan Gavrilovich Malygin, Alexei Ivanovich Skuratov, a prominent figure in education Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov and many other prominent figures.
Already after the education reform, in 1715, the senior nautical classes of the school were transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg, where they were transformed into the Naval Academy. By that time, the city on the Neva had assumed the functions of the capital - almost all shipbuilding was concentrated in it, the Baltic Fleet was based.
The two junior classes remained in Moscow, the Navigation School was a preparatory educational institution for further training of cadets of the Naval Academy. In December 1752, the institution founded by Peter I was closed.
On January 21, 1701, Peter I issued a decree on the opening of the "School of the Pushkar Order" in Moscow. This document became the first legislative act in the field of military engineering.
The unsuccessful start of the Northern War, and especially the defeat near Narva, showed the need to create in Russia its own professional military personnel in the field of artillery and military engineering.
On January 10 (21), 1701, Peter I signed a decree on the creation in Moscow of the school of the Pushkar Order for the training of artillery officers and military engineers, noting that “engineers are very necessary when attacking or defending, what is the place and should be such that not only fortification was thoroughly understood and already served in that, but in order to be courageous, because this rank is more susceptible to danger than others.
"... at the new cannon yard you c to build wooden schools and in those schools to teach Pushkar and other outside ranks of people and children their verbal and written literacy and numbers and other engineering sciences, and being in those schools a teacher of the above sciences with diligence, and having learned, without a decree from Moscow, do not move out, also in a different rank, except for artillery, they are not absent and feed and water them in the same schools as described above ... "
The School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (Pushkar Order School) is the first Russian artillery, engineering and maritime school, the historical forerunner and forerunner of all modern system engineering and technical education in Russia, created to train gunners, engineers and sailors of the army and navy.
The day the school was founded is celebrated as the day of the navigator of the Navy Russian Federation.
At first, the Navigation School was located in the "Master's Chambers" on the Khamovnichesky yard in Kadashi. But Professor Henry Farvarson, invited by Peter I from abroad to set up the educational process, found this room cramped andinconvenient, first of all, for astronomical observations. At the request of the professor, a royal decree followed - "On the return of the Sretenskaya (Sukharev) tower for the premises of a mathematical school."
From that moment on, the founding was under the jurisdiction of the Armory, subordinate to the Pushkar order, which was led by F. A. Golovin. The Sukharev Tower with all the buildings and land was allocated for the school. The Military Encyclopedia of Sytin says that the Moscow Pushkar School was established and built through the efforts of A. A. Vinius. Initially, the school was headed by Yakov Vilimovich Bruce.
Sukharev Tower - a four-tiered structure fully corresponded to the purpose of the school. It was placed on a "decent" and high place. The latter, as well as the presence of a tower "where you can freely see the horizon," allowed students to make observations (i.e., determine their place according to the measured heights of the luminaries), observe celestial sphere all over the horizon. High ceilings and bright rooms created favorable conditions for working with maps and drawings. The building itself, as it were, resembled a certain ship, in which the galleries of the 2nd tier, encircling the building, played the role of quarter quarters - the most honorable place on a sailing ship (part of the upper deck in its stern).
The eastern extremity of the house could be "seen" as the bow of the ship, the western part - as its stern. The third tier housed classrooms and a "rapier hall" designed for fencing lessons and gymnastic exercises. From the western ("stern") part of the building, an amphitheater was built for a "masherade ship", that is, a model of a sailing ship used "for fun".
On especially solemn days, for example, on the day of celebrating the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystadt with Sweden in 1721, that boat with set sails, colored with signal flags during the day and lanterns at night, was taken through the streets of Moscow, glorifying the Russian fleet, whose victories were a significant contribution to the task of successfully ending the long-term war.
.Education at the school lasted two years.The lower class was called "school of words". The purpose of this class was to teach literacy. The second class was called "school of numbers". Mathematics was studied in this class. The graduating class was called " school of engineering". At this stage of training, they studied the basics of artillery, fortification, minebusiness, pontoon business, which were considered part of artillery science and specialistsengineering were also considered gunners. Graduates Schools the first miner units of the regular Russian army began to be completed.
All teachers after the opening of the school lived with her in the lower floor of the Sukharevskaya tower. There were four teachers at the school - three foreigners brought by the king from England, as already mentioned: Andrew Farvarson, who taught mathematics, astronomy and nautical sciences, Stephen Gwyn and Richard Grace (called "Knight Gnaw"), who taught nautical sciences and the science of fencing, and one Russian - Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky, who taught both literacy, writing, and arithmetic, knew Greek, Latin, Italian and German, owned information on astronomy and navigation.
Leonty Magnitsky was appointed manager of the students and the educational process. In fact, the school rested precisely on him - the confidant of the ever-absent director Fyodor Golovin.
The school program was drawn up by Peter I himself together with Farvarson.
Many textbooks were compiled by the diligence of the teachers of this school or under their editorship. In 1703, the first Russian textbook on mathematics was published, compiled by Leonty Magnitsky. It was written specifically for the Navigation School. It was called "Arithmetic, that is, the science of numerals ...". It was a whole encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications of the 18th century. Here, for the first time in Russia, “Arabic” numerals were used for calculations, and for the first time the doctrine of decimal fractions was presented. It covered the basics of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, and provided a fairly comprehensive guide to nautical astronomy and navigation, with many tables.
The Navigational School had various astronomical and geodetic instruments, instruments for determining time using the stars Minor and Big Dipper, marine atlases - “books of marine charters”, preparations, various compasses, textbooks. Precise instruments were made in the workshop of the school. Andrey Nartov, a famous Russian mechanic, began working in it. Each student, in addition to paper, pencils, quills and ink, had a slate with "stone pens" (leads) for drafting notes.
At the top of the tower was the first astronomical observatory in Russia with good telescopes for scientific observations and educational purposes. practical exercises. There was also an astronomical clock and a valuable scientific library. Teachers of the school Farvarson and Magnitsky, on the instructions of Peter, carried out calculations of future solar and lunar eclipses, for "disclosure in order to prevent superstitious rumors." In the lower tier of the tower, a large Dutch copper globe (2 m in diameter) brought from the Ivanovo bell tower was placed, donated by foreigners to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, father of Peter I.
Decree of July 19, 1702 Engineering class splits into twoPushkar" and " engineering". AT Engineering class
24 people were transferred. Thus, the structure of education from the summer of 1702 provided for two stages of general education and the last stage - specialization. The main subject of study was mathematical and navigational sciences (artillery, engineering and marine sciences). The school produced young people in all kinds of weapons and services, military and civilian, which required some scientific knowledge or just knowledge of Russian literacy. Thus, in addition to sailors, engineers, artillerymen, teachers to other schools, surveyors, architects, civil officials, clerks, craftsmen, etc., left the school. One of the first graduates of the Moscow Engineering and Artillery School in 1704 was a Russian historian, state doerVasily Nikitich Tatishchev.
Military engineers enjoyed great advantages in the armed forces, their salaries differed from the salaries of officers of other branches of the armed forces, and the most successful in engineering were promoted to the highest ranks before others.
After the death of F. A. Golovin in 1706, the school came under the jurisdiction of the Order Marine fleet, and then, in 1712, under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty Office. The main supervision of the school was carried out by Count F. M. Apraksin.
On January 16 (27), 1712, Peter I ordered to separate the engineering school from the school of the Pushkar order, to increase the number of students four times, form additional engineering and artillery schools (classes) and enhance their mathematical background.
In 1712, part of the students of the artillery and engineering classes of the school were transferred to St. Petersburg, and on their basis independent institutions were created - engineering and artillery schools, according to the Decree of January 16 (27), 1712.
In 1715, the navigation classes of the school were transferred to the new capital, after which the Naval Academy was created on their basis (or, as it was also called, the Naval Guard Academy), and the school itself lost its former status and became a preparatory school at the Academy. In 1717 Captain Brunz was appointed head of the school.
Kikin's chambers. These buildings housed the Naval Academy
The term of study, depending on the abilities and training of students, ranged from 4 to 13 years. Graduates of the school, "navigators", received the right to be promoted to naval officers, but only after a long voyage on ships and successfully passing the exam. The first release of navigators took place in 1705. In 1711, 500 students aged 15 to 33 were studying at the school. Peter I himself took part in the examination of candidates for officers.
But even this was not enough for the needs of the developing Russian army, so in 1719, by decree of the tsar, the St. Petersburg Engineering School was created, and 4 years later the Moscow school was transferred to St. Petersburg and merged with the capital.
To enhance the importance of the engineering troops and to attract the nobles to study engineering, in the Table of Ranks (1722), the officers of the engineering troops were placed at a rank higher than the officers of the infantry and cavalry, which was explained by the high requirements for their educational level.
All these measures led to the fact that by 1725 Russian engineering troops there were already 12 staff officers, 67 chief officers and 274 conductors who successfully completed the tasks assigned to them.
This is how the engineering troops of Russia were born, which played a huge role in protecting the Fatherland in different historical periods.
In memory of the establishment of the first engineering school, September 18, 1996, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, January 21 was declared the Day of Engineering Troops.
The School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was abolished in 1753, but numerous military schools claim succession with it.
Formed by the transformation of the state educational institution of the general education boarding school No. 66 of the Western educational district by order of the Moscow Education Committee No. 398 of 07/07/2000. The "Navigation School" traces its lineage to the school of mathematical and navigational sciences, founded by Peter I in 1701.
The educational building has all the conditions for the implementation curricula. The curriculum of the "Navigation School" is based on the Moscow basic curriculum of cadet boarding schools, taking into account additional educational programs.
There are 22 classrooms, the cabinet "Fundamentals of Life Safety" is combined with the "Fundamentals of Military Service" and "Fundamentals of Medical Training", the cabinet "Initial Marine Training" (trains yacht helmsmen), the cabinet of the marine training complex "Navigation Bridge", the cabinet of physics, biology room, history room, chemistry room, other rooms and a library with a reading room (the school is 100% equipped with textbooks).
Recruitment to KSI "Navigation School"
Admission from 5th grade
Recruitment to the KSI "Navigation School" is carried out on the basis of the Charter of the State Educational Institution of the KSI "Navigation School", the Model Regulations on cadet school and a cadet boarding school, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 117 dated February 15, 2010, the Order of the ZOUO DO of Moscow “On the procedure for admitting children to the fifth grade of cadet boarding schools in the Western District”, the Order for the KSI “Navigation School ""On the organization of the admission of pupils to the cadet boarding school "Navigation School".
For admission to KSI "Navigation School" you must:
1. Visit the Open Doors Day, which is traditionally held annually in March.
2. During the work of the selection committee, express a desire to enter the "Navigation School" and receive requests to medical dispensaries, ODN OVD and KDNiZP to form a set of documents according to the list.
3. With a set of documents, come with the child to undergo a psychological interview and pedagogical interviews in the Russian language and mathematics, passing standards in physical education.
4. The selection committee conducts a set of children from among the candidates who have submitted documents and passed interviews.
5. The list of children enrolled in the KSI "Navigation School" is approved by the Western District Education Department of the Moscow Department of Education.
The working week begins with a solemn formation on the parade ground at 8:00 am. Classes start at 8:45 am. The duration of the lessons is 45 minutes. Circle work, sports sections, classroom and school-wide events are held on weekdays from 14.30.
The boarding school works according to the regime of a six-day working week, the organization of education in a class-lesson form.
Our pupils are trained, spend their leisure time in conditions where everything necessary is done for them. Educational process the school is organized in equipped classrooms, in accordance with the implemented educational programs and Curriculum The created conditions make it possible to ensure high-quality training of pupils according to the program not only of a general education school, but also to adapt them to military conditions. After all, along with a certificate of secondary education, cadets also receive military training.
Regulations for the organization of entrance examinations for applicants to the 5th, 6th and 7th grades of cadet boarding schools subordinate to the Department of Education of the City of Moscow
1. Entrance examinations in the form of testing are conducted for those entering the 5th, 6th and 7th grades of state budgetary educational institutions of cadet boarding schools in two equal streams:
March 25, 2014 in mathematics and March 27, 2014 in Russian.
For students who did not take part in the tests in the first stream:
- April 08, 2014 in mathematics and April 10, 2014 in Russian.
Test start time 10.00. Duration - 45 minutes for each discipline.