Professor Tolkien knew a lot about non-existent universes. “To invent a green sun is easy,” he said, “it is more difficult to create a world in which it would be natural.” For him, a philologist, a specialist in Old Germanic and Old English literature, the main element of such naturalness was, of course, the languages of peoples and creatures living in a fictional world. It was the construction of artificial languages that was the real passion of the forefathers of fantasy, and during his long life Tolkien invented several dozen of them. He saw the heroes and events that are described in his famous books simply as a background against which languages exist and develop. “More likely, “stories” were composed in order to create a world for languages, rather than vice versa,” the writer explained. - In my case, first there is a name, and then - a story. I'd rather write in Elvish altogether." Fictional languages, "artlangs", in literature and cinema invented a great variety. Professional linguists also participated in the creation of some, but few can boast of such scrupulous elaboration as Tolkien's. The professor developed grammar and writing in great detail, and most importantly, history: unlike most other artificial languages, we know about Tolkien's how they changed over time.
Our expert is Alexander Pipersky, Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State Humanitarian University, author of the book “Language Design: From Esperanto to Dothraki”, which is being prepared for publication by the Alpina Non-Fiction publishing house.
Sindarin
John Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings
A harmonious linguistic diversity is perhaps the main secret of the amazing authenticity of the world described by Tolkien. The author invented at least fifteen Elvish languages alone, and after his death, an almost finished draft of the book “Lammas” was published, stylized as the scientific work of a linguist from Middle-earth. The fictitious author, speaking about the dialects of his fictional world, attributes their origin to Valarin, the language of local deities, and divides them into three extensive families. Oromean includes Avarin, Quenya, Telerin, Sindarin, and other elven languages, as well as Rohan and, in general, most of the languages of humans. The Khuzdul and other languages of the Dwarves are assigned to the Aulean family, the “black dialect” of orcs and other evil creatures to the Melkian family. The most famous of Tolkien's languages were the Elvish Sindarin and Quenya, which reflected his predilection for languages. northern Europe. Morphology - the structure of words - for Quenya was borrowed from Finnish. Sindarin Phonology - Structure sound order- inherits Welsh. Alexander Pipersky: Tolkien borrowed a lot from natural languages. Thus, the proto-elvish plural ending -ī fell away during the development of Sindarin, causing the alternation of vowels at the base of the word: brannon ("lord") and brennyn ("lords"), urug ("orc") and yryg ("orcs"). That's how it came about irregular shapes English plural: man ("man") and men ("men") - comes from the Proto-Germanic *mann- and *manni-. Foot ("foot") and feet ("legs") - from *fōt- and *fōti-. This alternation is even more common in Welsh.
Dothraki
George Martin and David Peterson, Game of Thrones
The fantasy world of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels is almost as detailed as Tolkien's. Languages are also mentioned, and for effect, the characters speak a few words, either in the crude language of the Dothraki horsemen, or in "high" or "low" Valyrian, reminiscent of the classical and folk versions of Latin or Arabic. But when it came to filming Game of Thrones, HBO turned to the Language Creation Society, and a young linguist, David Peterson, won the contest to develop Valyrian and Dothraki.
Peterson did not have much source material: no more than thirty Dothraki words can be found in Martin's books, and a significant part of them are proper names. This gave the linguist a lot of room for imagination. And he began with the very word "Dothraki" (dothraki), raising it to the verb dothralat, "to ride." The word dothrak, "horseman", the plural of which is dothraki, is already formed from it. Alexander Pipersky:“The grammar of the Dothraki language turned out to be quite simple, although not without exquisite features. For example, nouns are divided into two large classes: animate and inanimate, and information about animacy is unpredictable. In general, large and active living beings and phenomena, as well as active parts of the body, will be animate, and other concepts will be inanimate, but there are many exceptions. As in Russian, the declension of nouns depends on animation. Thus, in Dothraki, inanimate nouns do not change in number, but animate ones do. The inanimate word yetto can be translated as "frog" or "frogs", but shiro is only "scorpion" because it has a separate plural form - shirosi, "scorpions".
Newspeak
George Orwell, "1984"
The language of the fictional totalitarian state of Oceania is heavily modified and "coarse" English, emphasizing the heavy atmosphere of dystopia. Newspeak has an extremely meager set of adjectives, which generally happens with natural languages. For example, in Igbo, which is spoken by about 20 million people in Nigeria, there are only eight adjectives: big, small, old, new, dark, light, good and bad. By the way, in Newspeak, such a combination is impossible. Many antonymous pairs in it are formed using the negative prefix un- (“not”). The writer cites as an example the words good (“good”) and ungood (“bad”, “bad”). In addition, Newspeak borrowed a love for abbreviations and complex words from the language of the Soviet era. For us, who confidently use words like “foreman” (work manager) or “head teacher” (head of study), this love is easy to understand. Alexander Pipersky:— The main feature of Orwellian Newspeak is, of course, vocabulary. It consists of three layers, dictionaries A, B and C. Dictionary A includes the most common, everyday words, the number of which is minimized. Vocabulary C contains specific technical terms. The most interesting is dictionary B. Compound words specially designed for political needs fall there: for example, goodthink (“good thinking”) and its derivatives. Dictionary B does not lend itself well to translation into ordinary language - "Old Speech". For example, the phrase Oldthinkers unbellyfeel Ingsoc (“Old thinkers do not ingest Ingsoc”) means “Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution do not accept with all their heart the principles of English socialism.”
Klingon
Gene Roddenberry and Mark Okrand, Star Trek
David Peterson's direct predecessor is Mark Okrand, creator of the Vulcan and Klingon languages for Star Trek. It is worth saying that the humanoid, but extremely warlike inhabitants of the Klingon planet received a very suitable language: at the same time similar to the earth and unusually frightening. This is one of the most developed artificial languages, it is supported by the Microsoft Bing translation system, and the Klingon Language Institute, which united enthusiasts, publishes classical literature in translations into this artlang. However, Mark Okrand, in the preface to the authoritative Klingon Dictionary, writes that the Klingons themselves, although proud of their language, prefer English to communicate with strangers. Alexander Pipersky:— The Klingon language is especially famous for its phonetics. It has two dozen consonants, and it seems that this is not much - but among them there are very rare sounds, for example, tlh (deaf, continuous pronounced "tl") and Q (pronounced very deep in the mouth "kh"). But even more unusual for terrestrial languages is the word order in Klingon sentences: object - predicate - subject. For example, the phrase "puq legh yaS" is translated as "the officer sees the child", and "yaS legh puq" - "the child sees the officer". Of all the possible orders of subject, predicate, and object, this is the second rarest. In the World Atlas of Language Structures, it is represented in only 11 languages out of 1377 sampled, and seven of them are spoken in South America.
Na'vi
James Cameron and Paul Frommer, Avatar
Linguist Paul Frommer was brought in to work on Avatar before the script was completed. So the blue-skinned three-meter humanoids of the planet Pandora, who appeared on the screens four years later, were already speaking with might and main in their own language, which numbered about a thousand words. Unlike Russian, the Na'vi language has an agglutinative structure: in our country, the ending in the word "wide" already contains information about gender and number, and in Na'vi (as well as Tatar, Japanese and other agglutinative languages), for each detail you will need to use a separate element (formant), as if to say "wide - one - she".
But the word order in Na’vi sentences is familiar to us: subject, predicate, object. The system of numbers invented for this language is very unusual. In addition to the singular and plural - as in Russian - as well as the dual - as in Old Russian - there is also a triple number, as in some languages of Oceania. Nantang ("wyrmewolf") becomes menantang ("two viperwolves"), pxenantang ("three viperwolves") and only then into aynantang ("many viperwolves").
Alexander Pipersky:— The Na'vi language uses a tripartite sentence structure: the subject (subject) of a transitive verb is denoted in one way, the object (object) in another, and the subject of an intransitive verb in a third. For example, the sentence Nantang-ìl frìp tute-t ("The snake wolf bites the man"): here the subject of the transitive verb ("serpent wolf") has -ìl, and the object of the transitive verb ("man") attaches the indicator -t. In the sentence Nantang-Ø hahaw - "The wolf is sleeping" - the subject of the intransitive verb is marked with the zero ending -Ø. In Russian, the subject of a transitive and intransitive verb is denoted in the same way, and "serpent wolf" in both Russian sentences has the same form. Languages with a tripartite construction are rare, but they do exist: this is the way, for example, North American Indian language non-perse.
The legend of the Babylonian pandemonium haunts linguists - from time to time someone tries to invent universal language: concise, clear and easy to learn. And artificial languages are also used in cinema and literature to make fictional worlds even more alive and realistic. "Theories and Practices" made a selection of the most interesting projects of this kind and found out how antonyms are formed in Solresol, how long words can be thought up in Volapuk and how it sounds in Klingon sama famous quote from Hamlet.
Universalglot
Universalglot is the very first artificial language, systematized and developed in the likeness of Latin by the French linguist Jeanne Pirro in 1868. This a posteriori language (it is based on the vocabulary of already existing languages) appeared 10 years earlier than Volapük and 20 years earlier than Esperanto. It was appreciated only by a small group of people and did not gain much popularity, although Pirro developed it in sufficient detail, inventing about 7000 basic words and many verbal morphemes that allow you to modify words.
Alphabet: consists of 26 letters of the Latin and German alphabets.
Pronunciation: Similar to English, but the vowels are pronounced in the Spanish or Italian manner.
Vocabulary: the most famous and easy to remember and pronounce words are selected from the Romance and Germanic languages. Most of the words are similar to French or German.
Grammar Features: nouns and adjectives are invariable parts of speech. All feminine nouns end in in. Verbs change in tenses and have passive forms.
Examples:
"In futur, I scriptrai evos semper in dit glot. I pregate evos responden ad me in dit self glot"“In the future, I will always write to you in this language. And I ask you to answer me on it.”
Habe or vin?- "Do they have wine?"
Volapyuk
Volapuk was invented in Germany by the Catholic priest Johann Martin Schleyer in 1879. The creator of Volapyuk believed that this language was prompted to him by God, who descended to him during insomnia. The name comes from the English words world (vol in Volapük) and speak (pük), and the language itself was based on Latin. Unlike the universalglot that preceded it, volapyuk was popular for quite a long time: more than 25 journals were published on it and about 300 textbooks were written on its study. There is even Wikipedia on Volapuk. However, besides her, this language is practically not used by anyone in the 21st century, but the very word “Volapyuk” has entered the lexicon of some European languages as a synonym for something meaningless and unnatural.
Alphabet: There are three alphabets in Volapük: the main one, close to Latin and consisting of 27 characters, the phonetic alphabet, consisting of 64 letters, and the extended Latin alphabet with additional letters (umlauts) included in it, which is used to convey proper names. Three alphabets, which were theoretically designed to help read and write, in fact only made it difficult to understand, since most words could be written in several ways (For example, "London" - London or).
Pronunciation: Volapuk phonetics is elementary: there are no complex combinations of vowels and the sound r, which makes pronunciation easier for children and people who do not use the sound r in speech. The stress always falls on the last syllable.
Vocabulary: Many roots of words in Volapuk are borrowed from French and English, but the lexicon of the language is independent and lacks a close semantic connection with living languages. Volapuk words are often formed according to the principle of "stringing roots". For example, the word klonalitakip (chandelier) has three components: klon (crown), lit (light), and kip (keep). Making fun of the word-formation process in Volapük, people who knew the language deliberately composed long words, such as klonalitakipafablüdacifalöpasekretan (secretary of the chandelier factory directorate).
Grammar Features: Nouns can be declined in four cases. Verbs are formed by adding a pronoun to the root of the corresponding noun. For example, the pronoun ob (s) - "I (we)", when attached to the root löf ("love") forms the verb löfob ("love").
Example:
"Binos prinsip sagatik, kel sagon, das stud nemödik a del binos gudikum, ka stud mödik süpo"“It is wisely said that a little study every day is better than a lot of study in one day.”
Esperanto
The most popular of the artificial languages was created in 1887 by the Warsaw linguist and ophthalmologist Lazar Markovich Zamenhof. The main points of the language have been collected in the Esperanto textbook Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro ("International language. Preface and complete textbook"). Zamenhof published a textbook under the pseudonym "Doctor Esperanto" (which in translation from the language he created means "Hoping"), which gave the name to the language.
The idea to create an international language came to Zamenhof due to the fact that in Bialystok - his hometown- people of different nationalities lived and they felt disunited, not having a common, understandable language for everyone. Esperanto was enthusiastically accepted by the public and actively developed for a long time: the Esperanto Academy appeared, and in 1905 the first World Congress dedicated to the new language took place. Esperanto has several "daughter" languages such as Ido (translated from Esperanto as "descendant") and Novial.
Esperanto is still spoken by about 100,000 people all over the world. Several radio stations broadcast in this language (including Vatican Radio), some musical groups sing and films are made. There is also a Google search for Esperanto.
Alphabet: was created on the basis of Latin and consists of 28 letters. There are letters with diacritics.
Pronunciation: The pronunciation of most sounds is easy without special training, some sounds are pronounced in Russian and Polish manners. The stress in all words falls on the penultimate syllable.
Vocabulary: The roots of words are mainly borrowed from Romance and Germanic languages (French, German, English), sometimes there are Slavic borrowings.
Grammar Features: In the first textbook published by Zamenhof, all the grammatical rules of Esperanto fit into 16 paragraphs. Each part of speech has its own ending: nouns end in o, adjectives end in a, verbs end in i, adverbs end in e. Verbs change by tense: each tense has its own ending (past is, present as, future os). Nouns change in only two cases - nominative and accusative, the remaining cases are expressed using prepositions. Plural numbers are shown with the ending j. There is no category of gender in Esperanto.
Example:
Ĉu vi estas libera ĉi-vespere?- Are you free tonight?
Lincos
Linkos is a "space language" created by Utrecht University mathematics professor Hans Freudenthal to interact with extraterrestrial civilizations. Linkos, unlike most artificial languages, is not a posteriori, but a priori (that is, it is based on no existing languages). Due to the fact that this language is intended for communication with aliens sentient beings, it is as simple and unambiguous as possible. It is based on the idea of the universality of mathematics. Freudenthal has developed a series of lessons on linkos, which in the shortest possible time help to master the main categories of the language: numbers, the concepts of "greater than", "less than", "equal", "true", "false", etc.
Alphabet and pronunciation: There is no alphabet. Words do not need to be spoken. They are designed to be read-only or to be passed in the form of a code.
Vocabulary: Any word can be encoded if it can be mathematically explained. Since there are few such words, lincos mainly operates with categorical concepts.
Example:
Ha Inq Hb ?x 2x=5- Ha says Hb: what is x if 2x=5?
Loglan
Loglan is a logical language, a language developed by Dr. James Cook Brown as an experimental language to test the Sepphire-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity (language determines thinking and the way of knowing reality). The first book on its study, Loglan 1: A Logical Language, was published in 1975. The language is perfectly logical, easy to learn and devoid of the inaccuracies of natural languages. An observation was made of the first students of Loglan: linguists were trying to understand how language affects thinking. It was also planned to make Loglan a language for communicating with artificial intelligence. In 1987, the Loglan Institute split, and at the same time, the language also split: into Loglan and Lojban. Now there are only a few hundred people left in the world who can understand Loglan.
Alphabet: Latin alphabet unchanged with four diphthongs.
Pronunciation: Similar to Latin.
Vocabulary: all words are created specifically for this language. There are almost no borrowed roots. All uppercase consonants end in "ai" (Bai, Cai, Dai), lowercase consonants end in "ei" (bei, cei, dei), all uppercase vowels end in "-ma" (Ama, Ema, Ima), lowercase vowels end in "fi" (afi, efi, ifi)
Grammar Features: Loglan has only three parts of speech: names, words, and predicates. Names are written with capital letter and with a consonant at the end. Predicates act as almost all parts of speech, do not change and are built according to a certain scheme (they must have a specific number of vowels and consonants). Words help to create all connections between words (both grammatical, punctuation and semantic). So, most punctuation marks are not in Loglan: words are used instead - kie and kiu (instead of brackets), li and lu (instead of quotation marks). Words are also used for the emotional coloring of the text: they can express confidence, joy, aspiration, and so on.
Examples:
Ice mi tsodi lo puntu- I hate pain.
Le bukcu ga he treci?- Interesting book?
Bei mutce treci.- The book is very interesting
Solresol
Solresol is an artificial language invented by the Frenchman Jean François Sudre in 1817, based on the names of the seven notes of the diatonic scale. You don't need to be proficient in music to learn it. The language project was recognized by the Paris Academy of Sciences and received the approval of Victor Hugo, Alphonse Lamartine, Humboldt - however, interest in solresol was stormy, but short-lived. A separate plus of the language is that words and sentences in the Solresol language can be written both in letters (and vowels can be omitted for brevity) and musical notation, the first seven digits, the first seven letters of the alphabet, rainbow colors and shorthand signs.
Alphabet: Instead of an alphabet, Solresol uses the names of seven notes: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si.
Pronunciation: You can pronounce words by reading their names aloud or by singing the appropriate notes.
Vocabulary: All solresol words consist of note names. In total, the language has about 3,000 words (one-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable and four-syllable). Words are grouped according to semantic categories: all that begin with "salt" refer to the sciences and arts (soldoremi - theater, sollasila - mathematics), beginning with "solsol" - to medicine and anatomy (solsoldomi - nerve), words related to time categories begin with "dor": (doredo - hour, dorefa - week, dorela - year). Antonyms are formed by inverting the word: domire - unlimited, remido - limited. There are no synonyms in solresol.
Grammar Features: Parts of speech in solresol are determined by stress. In a noun, it falls on the first syllable: milarefa - criticism, in an adjective - on the penultimate: milarefA - critical, the verb is not stressed, and in the adverb, the stress falls on the last syllable. Nouns officially have three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), but actually two: feminine and non-feminine. In feminine words oral speech the last vowel sound stands out - it is either underlined or a small horizontal line is placed above it.
Examples:
mirami recisolsi- beloved friend
I love you- dore milyasi domi
Ithkuil
Ithkuil is a language created in 1987 by American linguist John Quijada and, in his own words, "in no way intended to function as natural". Linguists call Ithkuil a super-language capable of speeding up thought processes: by pronouncing the minimum number of sounds, you can convey the maximum amount of information, since the words in Ithkuil are built on the principle of “semantic compression” and are designed to increase the effectiveness of communication.
Alphabet: The alphabet is based on Latin with diacritics (45 consonants and 13 vowels), but words are written using Ichtail, an archetypal script that changes depending on the morphological role of the character in the word. In writing, there are many symbols with a double meaning. Also, the text can be written both from left to right and from right to left. Ideally, Ithkuil text should read as a vertical snake, starting from the top left corner.
Pronunciation: Difficult to pronounce language with complex phonology. Most of the letters individually are similar to Latin and are pronounced in the usual way, but in combination with others they turn out to be difficult to pronounce.
Grammar Features: The creator of the language himself says that the grammar is constructed according to "a matrix of grammatical concepts and structures designed for compactness, cross-functionality, and reusability." There are no rules in the language as such, but there are certain principles of compatibility of morphemes.
Vocabulary: There are about 3600 semantic roots in Ithkuil. Word formation occurs according to the principles of semantic similarity and grouping. New words are formed due to a huge number of morphemes (suffixes, prefixes, interfixes, grammatical categories).
Examples:
elaţ eqëiţorf eoļļacôbé- "Brevity is the soul of wit"
Literal translation: A (prototypical) utterance (produced by a prototypical) talented person is compact (i.e., metaphorically reminiscent of the idea of a densely bonded substance).
xwaléix oípřai“lîň olfái”lobîň- "The deep blue sea". Literal translation: "A large volume of still water, seen as something with new properties, which manifests itself as 'blue' and at the same time has a more than normal level of depth."
Quenya and other Elvish languages
Elvish languages are dialects invented by the writer and linguist J.R.R. Tolkien in 1910-1920. These languages are spoken by elves in his works. There are many Elvish languages: Quendarin, Quenya, Eldarin, Avarin, Sindarin, Ilkorin, Lemberin, Nandorin, Telerin, etc. Their multiplicity is due to the numerous "divisions" of the Elven people due to frequent wars and migrations. Every Elvish language has both an external history (that is, the history of its creation by Tolkien) and an internal history (the history of its origin in the Elvish world). Elvish languages are popular among Tolkien fans, with several magazines published in Quenya and Sindarin (the two most popular languages).
Alphabet: The Quenya alphabet has 22 consonants and 5 vowels. There are two writing systems for writing words in the Elvish languages: tengwar and kirt (similar to runic writing). Latin transliteration is also used.
Pronunciation: The pronunciation and stress system in Quenya is similar to Latin.
Grammar Features: Nouns in Quenya are declined in 9 cases, with one of the cases called "Elfinitive". Verbs change by tense (present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future and future perfect). Numbers are interesting - there is not only singular and plural, but also dual and multiplex (for an uncountable set of objects). To form names, suffixes are used that have certain meanings, for example -wen - “maiden”, - (i) on - “son”, -tar - “ruler, king”.
Vocabulary: The basis of Quenya was Finnish, Latin and Greek. The Welsh language served as the prototype for Sindarin. Most of the words in one way or another relate to the life of the elven settlements, to military operations, to magic and to the daily life of the elves.
Example (Quenya):
Harië malta úva carë nér anwavë alya- It's not gold that makes a man really rich
Klingon language
Klingon is a language developed in the 1980s specifically for alien race Star Trek series by linguist Mark Okrand. It is well-thought-out: it has its own grammar, stable syntax, writing, and is also actively supported by the Klingon Language Institute, which publishes books and magazines in Klington (including the works of Shakespeare and the Bible translated into Klingon). There is not only a Klingon Wikipedia and a Klingon Google search engine, but also rock bands that only sing in Klingon. In The Hague in 2010, the opera “’u’” was released in this invented dialect (“’u’” means “Universe” in translation).
Pronunciation and alphabet: A phonetically difficult language that uses the glottal stop to create an alien-sounding effect. Several writing systems have been developed that have the features of Tibetan writing with an abundance of sharp corners in character writing. Latin is also used.
Vocabulary: Formed on the basis of Sanskrit and the languages of the North American Indians. Basically, the syntax is about space and conquest, war, weaponry, and many variations of curses (in Klingon culture, curses are a kind of art). There are many "movie jokes" built into the language: the Klingon word for "couple" is chang'eng (a reference to the twins Chang and Eng).
Grammar Features: Klingon uses affixes to change the meaning of a word. A variety of suffixes are used to convey animation and inanimateness, plurality, gender and other distinguishing features of objects. Verbs also have special suffixes that characterize the action. Word order can be either direct or reverse. Speed in the transfer of information is a decisive factor.
Examples:
tlhIngan Hol Dajatlh'a"?- Do you speak Klingon?
Heghlu'meH QaQ jajvam.- Today is a good day to die.
taH pagh taHbe: DaH mu'tlheghvam vIqelnIS To be or not to be: that is the question
Na "vi
Na vi is a language developed in 2005–2009 by linguist Paul Frommer for James Cameron's film Avatar. Na'vi is spoken by the blue-skinned inhabitants of the planet Pandora. From their language, the word for "vi" is translated as "people".
Pronunciation and vocabulary: Papuan, Australian and Polynesian languages were used as prototypes for na "vi. There are about 1000 words in total in the language. Vocabulary is mostly everyday.
Grammar Features: The concept of gender in na vi no, words denoting men or women can be distinguished using the suffixes an - masculine and e - feminine. The division into "he" and "she" is also optional. Numbers are denoted not by endings, but by prefixes. Adjectives do not decline. Verbs change in tenses (and not the endings of the verbs change, but infixes are added), but not in persons. Due to the fact that the Na'vi have four fingers, they use the octal system. Word order in a sentence is free.
Examples:
Oeyä tukrul txe'lanit tivakuk- Let my spear strike the heart
Kaltxim. Ngaru lu fpom srak?- "Hi how are you doing?" (literally: “Hi, are you okay?”)
Tsun oe ngahu nìNa“vi pivängkxo a fì”u oeru prrte" lu. - "I can communicate with you on na" vi, and it pleases me"
Fìskxawngìri tsap'alute sengi oe. - "I'm sorry about that jerk"
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"FINANCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY"
Department "IO-01"
in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"
Artificial languages and their classification
Teacher: Sirova T.O.
Completed by: Mikhailova A.S.
Korolev, 2013
There are the following types of artificial languages:
Programming languages and computer languages- languages for automatic processing of information with the help of a computer.
Information languages- languages used in various information processing systems.
Formalized languages of science- languages intended for symbolic notation scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
Languages of non-existent peoples, created for fiction or entertainment purposes, for example: the Elvish language invented by J. Tolkien, the Klingon language invented by Mark Okrand for a fantasy series "Star Trek", Na "vi language, created for the film" Avatar.
International auxiliary languages- languages created from elements of natural languages and offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.
The idea of creating a new language of international communication originated in the 17th-18th centuries as a result of the gradual decrease in the international role of Latin. Initially, these were mainly projects of a rational language, freed from the logical errors of living languages and based on a logical classification of concepts. Later, projects appear based on the model and materials of living languages. The first such project was universalglot, published in 1868 in Paris by Jean Pirro. Pirro's project, which anticipated many details of later projects, went unnoticed by the public.
next project international language became Volapuk, created in 1880 by the German linguist I. Schleyer. He caused a very big resonance in society.
The most famous artificial language is Esperanto (L. Zamenhof, 1887) is the only artificial language that has become widespread and has united quite a few supporters of the international language around itself.
Of the artificial languages, the most famous are:
Interlingua
Latin blue flexione
Occidental
Simli language
Solresol
Esperanto
Klingon language
Elvish languages
Basic English
There are also languages that were specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence. For example - lincos.
According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages can be divided into the following groups:
philosophical and logical languages- languages that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ithkuil, Ilaksh.
Auxiliary languages- designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slovian.
Artistic or aesthetic languages- created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.
Also, the language is created to set up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into certain limits).
According to their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:
A priori languages- based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.
A posteriori languages- languages built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental
mixed languages- words and word formation are partially borrowed from non-artificial languages, partially created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-formation elements: Volapuk, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.
The number of speakers of artificial languages can only be given approximately, due to the fact that there is no systematic record of speakers.
According to the degree of practical use, artificial languages are divided into projects that have become widespread: Ido, Interlingua, Esperanto. Such languages, like national languages, are called "socialized", among artificial ones they are united under the term planned languages. An intermediate position is occupied by such artificial language projects that have a certain number of supporters, for example, Loglan (and its descendant Lojban), Slovio and others. Most artificial languages have a single speaker - the author of the language (for this reason, it is more correct to call them "linguo projects" rather than languages).
Fictional worlds and artificially created characters need their own languages. This more authentically immerses the reader/viewer/user into an alternate reality. The creation of these artificial languages is far from being as simple as it might seem. Behind the brief dialogue on the screen (which many will probably not pay attention to, reading the subtitles with enthusiasm), there is a lot of work of philologists and linguists. In our new material, we decided to recall the 10 most famous fictional languages, as well as provide brief phrasebooks.
The Klingon language spoken by humanoid warriors from the planet Khonosh in the fictional universe of the series " Star Trek", was coined by linguist Mark Okrand for Paramount Studios. The language has a detailed grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and even a regulatory organization, the Klingon Language Institute, which promotes Klingon culture and translates classic literature, including the Bible and Shakespeare, into Klingon. There is also a scientific journal that develops the Klingon language, and a separate semblance of "Wikipedia" in Klingon.
The first single words and phrases in Klingon were coined by James Doohan, who played the role of "Scotty". The producers then decided to develop the language in more detail. Linguist Mark Okrand borrowed phonetics and grammar from Indian languages North America (particularly the language of the Mutsun Indians) and Sanskrit. The language is replete with sounds unusual for Indo-Europeans, for example, glottal stops.
In addition to Klingon, there are about 10 languages in the Star Trek universe of varying degrees of sophistication, including Vulcan, Borg, Ryannsu, Andorii, Orion, Tamarian, Ferengi, Bayoran, and others.
The Klingon writing system is based on the Tibetan script, but users of the language now predominantly use the English Latin script. At the same time, “j” is read as “j”, “Q” as “kh”, “I” as “s”, “tlh” as “tl”.
Examples use
pronunciation features: harsh, jerky, wheezing
Video teaching popular phrases in Klingon
Hi
Where is the toilet?
I do not understand
Don't be a fool
Today is a great day to die
Happy birthday
What time is it now?
nuqDaq "oH puchpa""e"
jIyajbe"
yIDoghQo"
Heghlu"meH QaQ jajvam
qoSlIj DatIvjaj
Qoylu"pu"?
Simlish
The Sims, the characters that inhabit the universe of The Sims video game, speak their own fictional language, developed specifically for the project. Will Wright, the creator of The Sims, and the development company at Maxis, of course, wanted the game characters to communicate, but the real language would be too distracting from the gameplay. While working on the language, they were inspired by the language of the Navajo Indians, but eventually came up with a new gibberish language, incorporating elements of Latin, Ukrainian, Navajo and Tagalog.
In the future, the originally developed Simlish has undergone changes in the course of voice acting. So his final version is largely just an actor's improvisation.
Examples use
Lilly Allen in Simlish version
Vadish/Badish
Dis wompf es fredesche
Wag nere, wap zow
Harva sol labaga along with hava so lawnumg
Balinda macoy
Ah, doka morpher
Even as a child, John and his comrades came up with secret languages to communicate with each other. This passion stayed with him for the rest of his life. He developed grammar and vocabulary for a whole family of 15 Elvish languages, which he continued to work on from 1910 until his death in 1973. This group includes proto-elven, general eldarin, quenya, goldgreen, telerin, sindarin, ilkorin, nandorin, avarin.
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Tolkien only hinted at the existence of many languages of Middle-earth in his books, while he developed others to the level of grammar and vocabulary. These include Talisca, the Adunaic language, and "Soval Fare" or "Common Tongue", also called Westron. (spoken by hobbits and humans in the Third Age). There are a number of other, less developed languages, including Rohan, the Haradrim and the Easterling language, the language of the Dwarves - Khuzdul, the language of the Orcs, the Black Speech created by Sauron for his "empire", and others. We will focus on Sindarin, the language of the gray elves, which is most common among this race, and it was Liv Tyler's heroine, Arwen, who spoke it.
Sindarin is phonologically similar to Welsh, Old English, Old Norse and Icelandic. The grammatical features of the language, especially plurals, were also influenced by Welsh.
Examples use
All or nearly all of Legolas's replicas in sandarin
Greetings!
Goodbye good Luck!
Sorry
Do you speak elvish?
My heart will yearn until I see you again
sleep well
I love to see your eyes sparkle when you laugh
Gi suilon!
Goheno nin
Pedig edhellen?
Guren *níniatha n "i lû
n "i a-govenitham
Losto vae
Gellon ned i gelir i chent gîn
ned i lelig
Furbish is the language of interactive Furby robot toys. Hasbro and its friends. Its creators were inspired by many languages, mainly Japanese and German. The original toy was made in 1998 and contained a total of 42 words in its vocabulary. Over the years, several new Furby models came out, and their language, of course, also evolved.
Furbish is a mixture of various sounds and simple syllables.
Although it may seem primitive and silly at first glance, many aspects of real world languages can be found in it. For example, the word "Doo" at the end indicates a question. It refers to the Japanese expression "Desu Ka?", which is used to form a polite interrogative phrase.
Examples use
Attempt to communicate Furby and Siri
expression of sadness, which can also be interpreted as "Why don't you play with me?"
Are you hungry?
Do you want to play?
go to sleep now
Tell me a joke
sing me a song
u-nye-ay-tay-doo?
u-nye-loo-lay-doo?
U-nye-way-loh-nee-way
wee-tah-kah-loo-loo
wee-tee-kah-wah-tee
divine language
In "The Fifth Element" main character Leelu speaks the so-called ancient Divine language (The Divine Language), which, according to prehistory, spoke the entire universe before the beginning of time.
Designed by Luc Besson and Mila Jovovich, the language has just over 400 words. According to the actress, she and the director even wrote letters to each other for language practice. Some time after the film's release, Besson's inspired fans collected all the phrases from the film and compiled a dictionary. At the same time, some of them, for example, T. Lea Fer-Thompson, even manage to write poetry in the Divine language.
Examples use
Dialogue between Leela and Korben Dallas
Hi
I'm sorry about what happened
Everything is fine
I'm better now
Something is going on
The universe is very big
first date
Do stupid things
Its end
Apipoulai
Varan azipo monda kau gokta met
Shichkeman
Velui Keseben
Lacta ligunaï Eto Ractamo
Hila y am djebet
hoppy hoppa
Kessetoun
Dothraki
In the world of A Song of Ice and Fire, created by George Martin, there are many different languages. In Westeros, the so-called common language is adopted, the languages \u200b\u200bof Valyria, the Dothraki and others that differ from it are also known. (dialects of the Free Cities, Qarth, Ghiscari, Lhazarian, Ashshai, Trade, Summer Isles, etc.). Most of these languages are rendered in the books of the saga by English.
We will focus on Dothraki, which Daenerys Targaryen had to learn. Especially for the series "Game of Thrones", this language was worked out in more detail, and its creator was David J. Peterson of the Language Creation Society. There weren't many guidelines for language development in the books, just a few nouns and dozens of names. They set the vector in its development.
The new language received grammatical and phonetic borrowings from Russian, Turkish, Estonian, Inuktitut (the language of the inhabitants of the far north of Canada) and Swahili.
Examples use
Daenerys Targaryen speaks Dothraki
Hello (literally: Regards!)
How are you? (literally: Is it good to sit in the saddle?)
Goodbye! (literally: Be strong)
May the stars help you (said to one who goes to battle)
What the hell!
You are very beautiful
Happy birthday (literally: great bloody day)
An exclamation of frustration or resentment
Slang expression for an annoying woman
M "athchomaroon!
Hash yer dothrae check?
Shieraki gori ha yeraan!
Ki fin yeni!
Yer zheanae sekke
Asshekhqoyi vezhvena!
Graddakh!
Nadsat
Nadsat is a fictional language, or rather jargon, used by teenagers in Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange. In addition to being known as a writer, Burgess was also a talented linguist. For a more vivid image of the subculture of his heroes, he came up with a special slang for them with Russian words at its core. Shortly before writing the novel, the writer visited the Soviet Union and was probably inspired by the way Russian dudes were used in Russian slang. English words (“men”, “girl”, “hair”, “session”).
The name nadsat comes from a Russian suffix equivalent to the English "-teen" - "-eleven". In addition to distorted Russian words such as: droog, malchik, lewdies (people), baboochka, korova, litso, viddy ( see), veck (from "man") and pony (from "understand") he was influenced by London cockney rhyming slang: for example, pretty polly ("money"), skallywoll ("school"), eggiweg ("egg"), appy polly log ("apology" from the English apology). There are also words invented by Burgess himself.
Examples use
Good
Badly
To make love
Head
Thought
A strange man in glasses, looking like an old professor, was catching the cold night air in his mouth.
Push an old man and watch him swim in his blood
Na "vi
If you were watching (and you must have watched) movie "Avatar", then you will remember that the population of the planet Pandora - the blue-skinned humanoids of the Na'vi spoke their own language. Initially, James Cameron himself came up with about 30 words that had a "Polynesian touch". On this basis, the professional linguist Paul Frommer, over four years, developed a thoughtful morphology, syntax and expanded vocabulary: At the time of the film's release in late 2009, it already had about 1,000 words. Understanding the language at that time was limited only to a narrow circle of people working on the project. But over time, Frommer increased the lexicon to 1,500 words and also published a grammatical structure. Today, there is even a LearnNavi.org resource on the Web that provides educational materials.
The Vi language was developed within three significant constraints. First, Cameron wanted the language to sound foreign but pleasant. Secondly, since the storyline involved people who also learned to speak the language, it had to be human-readable. And finally, the actors had to speak Na V dialogue without much difficulty. All V V language elements can be found in human languages, but their combination is unique. In its structure, the language resembles the Papuan and Australian languages, although Frommer himself noted that some words sound closer to German, and others to Polynesian.
Examples use
Video tutorials on learning the language in "vi"
Hello! (literally: I see you)
Who are you? / What is your name?
Let my spear strike the heart
Shut the fuck up!
Your mom is so fat that the hammerhead titanotherium says "DAMN IT!"
Follow me if you want to stay alive
Goodbye, may Ava be with you
It was nice talking to you
Oel ngati kameie
Fyape fko syaw ngar?
Oeyä tukrul txe'lanit tivakuk
Fnu skxawng!
Ngeyä sa "nu nìhawng apxa lu a "angstìkä "NAAAAANG!" pamlltxe!
Txo new nga rivey, oehu!
Kyevame, eywa ngahu
Tsun oe ngahu pìvängkxo a fì"u oeru prrte" lolu
There are several fictional languages mentioned in the world of Harry Potter, including gobbleduk, runic, the language of the water people, and parseltang or "serpent tongue". This magical language, according to J. K. Rowling's narrative, is owned by snake-tongued magicians who speak with snakes. The people around cannot understand the conversation between the snake and the snake, since they only hear hissing. This innate and extremely rare gift is inherited or along with magical power. As a rule, the tongue is associated with the Dark Arts, but some good wizards also had this gift. The most famous serpentine was Salazar Slytherin - one of the four founders of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. That is why the symbol of the Slytherin faculty is a snake.
The language consists of various hissing sounds and rude letters, and the words are pronounced on the exhalation with hissing and imitation of snake sounds. Most sentences are very short and only consist of subject, object and verb. The rest of the meaning should be thought out by the listener, based on their knowledge and context. In addition, the language does not have a written form, and it is very difficult to convey its sound in Latin. There is also a translator from English to Parseltongue on the Web, where you can also listen to this language. The version of Parseltongue that is used in the films was developed by Francis Nolan, Professor of Phonetics, Specialist in Finnish and Estonian at the University of Cambridge.
Examples use
pronunciation features: on exhalation with hissing and imitation of snake sounds
I dropped my book on the trail earlier
Efe iska?
Ai bana aʃe.
esahasa
tudeša täha še
Tōr shēsin Muggle harisa
Ai pard fasar kaʃe sobne suu.
Universe " Star Wars” is also filled with all sorts of extraterrestrial languages, of which the saga mentions the highest galactic, binary droid language, Duros, Hutt, Yuuzhan Vong, and many others. fictional languages Star Wars, unlike Klingon or Sindarin, do not have a real grammatical system. For example, the growls of Wookiees or the signals of droids mostly only convey intonations and emotions. The language most commonly used in the films, Galactic Basic, is identical to modern English, with only a few additions of fictional idioms and isolated words. Other languages are also similar to existing human languages, although unfamiliar to most viewers. In A New Hope, for example, the language Greedo speaks to Han Solo is actually a simplified version of Quechua. (the language of the indigenous population of the Andean region South America), and in Return of the Jedi, co-pilot Lando Calrissian speaks the Haya language of Tanzania.
One of the original developed languages of the movie saga is bokke, an artificial language used by space travelers that consists of the languages of several races.
According to the story, the language appeared in the Baobab Merchant Marine. as a means of communication for pilots, crew and support personnel who belonged to a wide variety of races. Although the language is not universally used, any experienced pilot and space traveler knows a few bokka phrases to communicate with other pilots.
Examples use
good afternoon/goodbye
I have insurance
I'm seasick (I have space sickness)
What do you want?
This scratch was already there when I rented the ship.
We don't know what we're doing
Give me the bill
Koo-loozi
Kazz ma kazz
Meez peeza peeza
Finitez cetez detox?
Zat x "ratch keezo bombaz ha sheep
Wiza donnoj wa ir pozoolin butlayss.
Tirez meez canto ripit?
illustrations.
You ask - why speak in invented languages, because no one understands them? That's the point! Suppose you need to talk about something very important on the phone (or, more recently, already on Skype), and you definitely do not want to be overheard by competitors, and even more so by intelligence agencies. No, they will eavesdrop, but they will probably not understand a word. And all you need is for your partner on the other end of the wire (on the other side of the monitor) to also know this language. Plus, learning any new language is a great brain workout. And for this you do not need to go to language courses - patience and the Internet are enough - thanks to the Omniglot website.
The utopian language of Thomas More
I hope you remember from your history lessons who Thomas More is? A professor, writer, lawyer, diplomat and politician who lived at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries and did not like English society so much that he came up with a country of prosperity long before Marx-Engels-Lenin, and called it "Utopia", which means at the same time "the best place ' and 'missing place'. The voluminous work saw the light in 1516 and was written in Latin. However, fundamental in the new ideal society Thomas More suggested new language not like anything before.
Tengwar (Elvish) language of Tolkien
Well, just don't tell me you never got excited about Liv Tyler fluent in Sindarin Tengwar. It is the language of Valarin, Telerin, Sindarin, and heaps of other places, and even the Dark Tongue of Mordor. When you master the language perfectly, and you have in your hands “our Charm”, that is, the Ring of Omnipotence, do not rush to destroy it. Suddenly come in handy.
Kirt - Tolkien's Dwarven language
And, if we started talking about Middle-earth, then we must not forget about the numerous people of the gnomes. The Kirthic alphabet (or Kertas Daeron) was successfully integrated into their Khuzdul language by the population of Moria, because... well, you know, dwarves don't write - they carve words in stone. In principle, there is an assumption that Tolkien almost exactly “rolled” the kirth from the Celtic runes. So, at the same time, learn the language that is still spoken in some places in Ireland.
Futurama's alien language
If you think that the obscure icons that appear in many Futurama series are just a set of symbols that came to Matt Groeneng's head, then you are greatly mistaken. As, until recently, we were mistaken. Cartoon aliens even have punctuation marks. So, this language is the future :)
Klingon from Star Trek
How do you make a list of fictional languages and not mention Klingon? This language has gained such popularity that there are a certain number of people in the world who speak it fluently. Moreover, they translate into Klingon Shakespeare, and even the Bible. The only inconvenience with Klingon is that, most likely, in the "cunning schools" of the whole Earth, just in case, they already teach it.
Aurek-Besh - the language of the Jedi
Even though Aurek-besh first appeared only in Return of the Jedi, I can only assume that it has been spoken by the Jedi for centuries.
Kryptonian - the language of Superman
Kryptonian (or Kryptonese) is spoken, not surprisingly, on Krypton, Clark Kent's home planet. When deciding to learn this language, do not forget about Curse of Superman, and also think that when you end your post on Facebook (Vkontakte, Twitter, etc.) with a double exclamation point, you are actually writing the letter “a”.
Language of the Ancients from Stargate
If you believe the series SG-1, then it was in this language that the Ancients wrote and spoke - the people who created (including) the earthly civilization millions of years ago. Although, it should be noted that we, in fact, owe the appearance of this font to an old Czech poster, on the basis of which it was created by artist Boyd Godfrey for the pilot episode of Stargate: Atlantis.
Dragon Runes
The language of dragons is considered the most ancient of all that existed on Earth. Dragons are generally taciturn creatures, but if they started to speak, they spoke only this language. People in the Middle Ages often used Draconic as the universal language of magic. Now it's hard to check exactly how it sounds. And all thanks to St. George, who destroyed, they say, the last living dragon on the planet.
Matoran - bionic LEGO language
Did you know that Lego has its own language? Well, at least it was used in the Bionicle series. If your children know it (and they do!), there is a reason to learn the Matoran in order to understand what secret notes your offspring are exchanging.