The concept of linguistic taste. Speech or language aggression in Russian

Accepted at a certain stage of development of circumstances by native speakers, the norms and standards of linguistic behavior, culture of speech. I .. of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people ..

"Linguistic taste of the era". The word "taste", seemingly not related to linguistics, nevertheless, is amazingly accessible and accurately explains what the author actually wants to say.

Such a feeling of freedom of scientific creativity and a change in research topics gives rise to a whole "fan" of non-traditional works in the field of the modern Russian language.

The norm as an integral part of a civilized society exists in different areas of an individual's life and is important for many types of human activity. There are various norms, as requirements, which the various products of human activity must satisfy. Norms are the regulators of relationships between people. They are established by society, and each individual of this society develops an idea of what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal and, therefore, goes beyond the established norm.

The norm is also established in the language, it is constantly present in the statements of a person. And this is quite natural, since language is an integral part, a product, not only of civilized, but of any human society in general. Norma is one of the central linguistic concepts. The norm in language is one of those problems of linguistics that have been and are constantly at the center of attention for several generations of researchers. And depending on the level of development of linguistics, the theoretical views of researchers and the needs of society, it is solved very differently.

The normative approach to language dominated absolutely all linguistic traditions, starting from antiquity and ending with our time. In absolutely all linguistic traditions, either from the very beginning or over time, the concept of a strict norm appears, from which it is impossible to deviate. In the European tradition, it appears already in late antiquity. The norm became even tougher in the Middle Ages. In the early stages of development of individual traditions (antiquity, Ancient China), when there were no big differences between the spoken and written style and there was no special sacred (sacred) language, the problems of the norm, although they were vital, were solved purely empirically, without separating any strict corpus of normative texts.

None of the linguistic traditions was characterized by the idea of a historical change in the language and its norms. In its turn, everything new in the language, which is constantly included in speech practice, brings with it a fleeting inconvenience and therefore, naturally, causes a defensive return (anger).

In any norm, including in the literary syllable, there are doubts, doublet, variant actions. In addition, there is always a certain uncertainty in recognizing specific linguistic facts as normative or non-normative, there are always “zones of doubt”.

The norms of the writer's language are fixed by dictionaries, reference books, grammar books.

Language norms

* Orthoepic
* Lexical
* Morphological
* Syntactic
* Stylistic
* Spelling
* Punctuation

“The literary language feels the powerful influence of colloquial (including jargon) vocabulary, which often breaks into the language under the slogan of emancipation and “democratization”. (D. E. Rosenthal)

The representation of the norm gradually begins to change into some special linguistic representation, reflecting the project of language implementation and in various ways compared with the views of the scheme (L. Elmslev), or the organization of the language (E. Coseriou), in which the idea of its internal organization has found its own reflection. Highlighting the social side of the definition of the norm, which is formed from the selection of language components - cash, formed again and extracted from the passive reserve, S. I. Ozhegov focuses on the fact that the norms are kept by social speech practice (fiction, theatrical speech, broadcasting).

At a certain stage in their formation, literary works and radio broadcasts could actually serve as a standard for normative use. At present, the situation has changed. Not every literary work and not every radio and television broadcast can serve as a standard for the normative use of language. The area of strict adherence to the norms of the syllable has narrowed significantly. The literary norm, as a result of not only tradition, but also codification, involves a set of rather rigid prescriptions and prohibitions that contribute to the unity and stability of the literary style. The integrity and universal validity of the norm is revealed in the fact that agents of different social strata and companies that make up a given society must adhere to the classical methods of language formulation, as well as those laws and regulations that are in grammar dictionaries and are represented by the result of codification. Deviation from the linguistic tradition, from vocabulary and grammatical laws and advice is considered a violation of the norm and, as a rule, is assessed negatively by the carriers of this literary syllable. But the degree of binding language norms is not the same. There are imperative language norms, the pathologies of which are regarded as a sign of not mastering the culture of speech, as gross oversights, and, on the other hand, not strictly mandatory language norms that allow certain deviations.

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and writing.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the mind of a person about the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I AM.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice a; shi [n'e] l - not right. shi[ne]l; petition - not right. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop and a loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Norm types


Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups are distinguished orthoepic norms:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which, in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN and SHN: decent and orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th and bulo [shn] th, milk [n] and young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to phonetic patterns in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation O;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved O. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation O in a pre-stressed position, it is characteristic in these words for a bookish, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech AND: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. O.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - FROM, Z, H, R; occasionally - B, M, AT; sounds are always softened G, To and L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for placement and movement of the stressed syllable among the unstressed ones.

In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or different places, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. the stress in French is assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate one). In addition, the stress in a number of words can be mobile- changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, right - right).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of accents:

Semantic variants (diversity of stress performs a meaningful function in them): clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) - immersed(into water; in solving a problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common) - silk(poetic) compass(common) - compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ in activity or passivity of use in modern speech): thinking(modern) - thinking(outdated), angle(modern) - cancerurs(outdated).

Stress in Russian is an individual sign of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when setting stress, you should refer to dictionaries. Correctly placing stresses in words and word forms will also help to take into account certain patterns.

Among nouns there is a significant group of words with fixed stress: dish(cf. plural named after P .: DISHES), bulletin (Bulletin of Enya, Bulletin of Enya), keychain (keychain, keychains), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priests (ksendzA), front (fronts), pennies (penny), coat of arms (emblems), clock (clogs), hit (hit), wave (waves) etc.

When placing an emphasis on adjectives the following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter and in the plural the stress will be the stem: right - right, right, right; and in the form of a comparative degree - a suffix: light - lighter, but beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense, they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she said, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the stress moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - took, take - took A, remove - removed A, start - started, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: calling - calling, calling; turn on - turn on, turn on.

Errors in setting stress can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. The absence of a letter in printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous stress in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(moving stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel O sound E), as well as in the words ward, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead of E pronounced O.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek. genesis -"origin, occurrence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, a noun toast- masculine, therefore in the plural form it has an accent on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect partial reference of the word. So, if we compare the words busy and busy, developed and developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with stress on the basis.

The norms of oral and written speech are the norms inherent in both forms of the literary language. These norms regulate the use of units of different language levels in speech: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms represent the rules for the use of words of the language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic reference and emotionally expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words should be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3.When using polysemantic words sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear what meaning is realized by the word in this context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in the literary language: 1) the joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment as part of smth., which is a connection of such segments; 4) bending something, going in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate one that stands out with something. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure that is distinguished by its spectacularity; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the genus, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin should be used justifiably, clogging of speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these mistakes.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - means "thorough" and does not match the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rascal space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para- near, next to + onyma- name) – similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning, cognate words. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: human - human; economical - economical - economic.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – pertaining to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. human aspirations.

Economical – frugal spending something, respecting the economy. Economical hostess. Economical – enabling sth. save, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical way of loading. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The scope of work is significantly increased (should say increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos- redundancy) - expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- extra word).

5. Tautology (from the Greek. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - repetition of single-root words: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech deficiency - the absence in the statement of the components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed corrected version: The medicine is made on the basis of recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, diverts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words of the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms - norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; beat the buckets; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. Phraseologism should be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or reduce the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. So, erroneous use of phraseological units turn the bank(instead of roll); play a role(instead of play the role or matter); main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of to work hard); return to circles(instead of back to square one);eat dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general language meanings. Violation of this rule results in errors like: The buildings are so close to each other that they don't spill water (turnover water will not spill anyone used in relation to close friends); At the solemn line dedicated to the holiday last call, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out the last journey their senior comrades(to spend on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit should correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in the texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session, which opened the work of the conference, gathered a large number of participants, the hall was packed - can't get through with a gun ). With caution, you need to use book phraseological units in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in the phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works fiction and act as one of the means of creating the individual style of the writer. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of fixed phrases, referring in cases of difficulty to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define the language norm, list the signs of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What kinds of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of language units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means?

5. What do orthoepic norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian verbal stress?

9. Give the definition of an accent variant. List the types of accents.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules should be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS