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The textbook has been modified for teaching biology on basic level in the amount of both 1 hour per week (total 35 hours), and 2 hours per week (total 70 hours). For those who study the subject 2 hours a week, in addition to the main text, material on a blue background is also intended.
Textbook example
Biology is the science of living nature and the laws that govern it. Biology studies all manifestations of life, the structure and functions of living beings, as well as their communities. It explains the origin, distribution and development of living organisms, their relationship with each other and with inanimate nature.
The living world is extremely diverse. Currently, about 500 thousand plant species and more than 1.5 million animal species, more than 3 thousand species of bacteria and hundreds of thousands of fungi have been discovered and described. The number of species not yet described is estimated at least 1-2 million. Revealing and explaining common phenomena and processes for the entire diversity of organisms is the task of general biology.
The main features of the living. Each organism is a set of orderly interacting structures that form a single whole, that is, it is a system. Living organisms have features that are absent in most non-living systems. However, among these signs there is not a single one that would be inherent only to the living. A possible way to describe life is to list the basic properties of living organisms.
How to use the textbook
Introduction
SECTION I. CELL - A UNIT OF LIVING
Chapter I Chemical composition cells 7
§ 1. Inorganic compounds
§ 2. Biopolymers. Carbohydrates, lipids
§ 3. Biopolymers. Proteins, their structure
§ 4. Functions of proteins 20
§ 5. Biopolymers. Nucleic acids 22
§ 6. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell 25
Chapter II. Structure and function of the cell 27
§ 7. Cell theory
§ 8. Cytoplasm. plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex and lysosomes
§ 9. Cytoplasm. Mitochondria, plastids, organelles of movement, inclusions 37
§ 10. Kernel. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes 31
Chapter III. Providing cells with energy
§ 11. Photosynthesis. Converting light energy into energy chemical bonds 45
§ 12. Providing cells with energy due to oxidation organic matter without participation of oxygen 50
§ 13. Biological oxidation with the participation of oxygen 52
Chapter IV. Hereditary information and its implementation in the B5 cell
§ 14. Genetic information. DNA doubling
§ 15. Formation of information RNA on the DNA matrix. Genetic code 58
§ 16. Biosynthesis of proteins 62
§ 17. Regulation of transcription and translation 64
§ 18. Viruses 67
§ 19. Genetic and cell engineering 71
SECTION II. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS
Chapter V. Reproduction of organisms 75
§ 20. Cell division. Mitosis
§ 21. Asexual and sexual reproduction 78
§ 22. Meiosis 80
§ 23. Formation of germ cells and fertilization 84
Chapter VI. Individual development of organisms 87
§ 24. Embryonic and postembryonic development of organisms -
§ 25. Organism as a whole 91
SECTION III. BASICS OF GENETICS AND SELECTION
Chapter VII. The main regularities of the phenomena of heredity 96
§ 26. Monohybrid crossing. Mendel's first and second laws
§ 27. Genotype and phenotype. Allelic genes 100
§ 28. Dihybrid crossing. Mendel's Third Law 103
§ 29. Linked inheritance of genes 106
§ 30. Genetics of sex 110
§ 31. Interaction of genes. Cytoplasmic inheritance 110
§ 32. Interaction of the genotype and the environment in the formation of a trait 113
Chapter VIII. Patterns of variability 116
§ 33. Modification and hereditary variability. Combination variability -
§ 34. Mutational variability 119
§ 35. hereditary variability person 122
§ 36. Treatment and prevention of certain human hereditary diseases 126
Chapter IX. Genetics and selection 128
§ 37. Domestication as the initial stage of selection -
§ 38. Methods of modern selection 131
§ 39. Polyploidy, distant hybridization, artificial mutagenesis and their importance in breeding 134
§ 40. Selection successes 137
SECTION IV. EVOLUTION
Chapter X. Development of evolutionary ideas. Evidence for evolution 142
§ 41, The emergence and development of evolutionary ideas -
§ 42. Charles Darwin and his theory of the origin of species 144
§ 43. Evidence of evolution 149
§ 44 Kind. View criteria. Populations.
Chapter XI. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process 161
§ 45. The role of variability in the evolutionary process -
§ 46. Natural selection - the guiding factor of evolution 164
§ 47. Forms of natural selection in populations 166
§ 48. Gene drift - a factor in evolution
§ 49. Isolation - an evolutionary factor 171
§ 50. Fitness - the result of the factors of evolution
§ 51. Speciation
§ 52. The main directions of the evolutionary process
Chapter XII. Origin of life on earth
§ 53. Development of ideas about the origin of life
§ 54. Modern views on the origin of life
Chapter XIII. Development of life on Earth
§ 55. Development of life in the cryptozoic
§ 56. Development of life in the early Paleozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian)
§ 57. Development of life in the late Paleozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian)
§ 58. Development of life in the Mesozoic
§ 59. Development of life in the Cenozoic 201
§ 60. Diversity of the organic world. Principles of taxonomy 205
§ 61. Classification of organisms
Chapter XIV. The origin of man 216
§ 62. Closest relatives" of man among animals
§ 63. The main stages of the evolution of primates 223
§ 64. The first representatives of the genus Homo 227
§ 65. Appearance of Homo sapiens 231
§ 66. Factors of human evolution 238
SECTION V. BASICS OF ECOLOGY
Chapter XV. Ecosystems 248
§ 67. The subject of ecology. Environmental factors of the environment
§ 68. Interaction of populations different types 245
§ 69. Communities. Ecosystems 241
§ 70. Energy flow and food chains 261
§ 71. Properties of ecosystems 256
§ 72. Change of ecosystems
§ 73. Agrocenoses 261
§ 74. Application of environmental knowledge in practical human activities 263
Chapter XVI. Biosphere. Biosphere protection 266
§ 75. Composition and functions of the biosphere
§ 76. Cycle chemical elements 268
§ 77. Biogeochemical processes in the biosphere 272
Chapter XVII. The impact of human activity on the biosphere 273
§ 78. Global environmental problems 274
§ 79 Society and environment 282
Problem solving 287
Laboratory workshop 290
Brief glossary of terms 296
Also read along with this:
Explanatory note
The work program is based on:
Federal State educational standard in biology,
Sample program basic general education in biology.
Basic general education programs of the biology course for students in grades 5-11 educational institutions to a set of textbooks created under the guidance of
- Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" No. 122-FZ in the last edition of August 22, 2004
Textbook "General biology grade 10 - 11", authors: D.K. Belyaev and others, publishing house "Prosveshchenie" 2012
Federal component state standard general education.
34 hours are allocated for studying the biology course in the 10th grade, at 11 - 34 hours.
The program is built taking into account the content of the textbook General Biology grades 10 - 11,
Description of the place of the subject biology in the curriculum.
Subject"Biology 10-11kl" refers to educational field"Natural Science".
The volume of hours of study load allocated for mastering work program, defined curriculum educational institution and is in line with the base plan.
Goals:
Mastering knowledge about biological systems (cell, organism, species, ecosystem); the history of the development of modern ideas about wildlife; outstanding discoveries in biological science; the role of biological science in shaping the modern natural-science picture of the world; methods of scientific knowledge;
- mastery of skillssubstantiate the place and role of biological knowledge in the practical activities of people, development modern technologies; carry out observations of ecosystems in order to describe them and identify natural and anthropogenic changes; find and analyze information about living objects;
Development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of studying outstanding achievements biology, included in the universal culture; complex and contradictory ways of developing modern scientific views, ideas, theories, concepts, various hypotheses (about the essence and origin of life, man) in the course of working with various sources of information;
Upbringing conviction in the possibility of knowing wildlife, the need for careful attitude to natural environment, own health; respect for the opinion of the opponent when discussing biological problems;
- use of acquired knowledge and skills in Everyday life for assessment of the consequences of their activities in relation to the environment, the health of other people and their own health; substantiation and observance of disease prevention measures, rules of behavior in nature.
Formation of key competencies- the readiness of students to use the acquired knowledge, skills and methods of activity in biology lessons and in real life for solving practical problems.
Textbook General biology grade 10 - 11, authors: D.K. Belyaev and others, publishing house
"Enlightenment" 2012
Akimov S.I. Biology in tables, diagrams, figures. Teaching and educational series. - M: List-New, 2004. - 1117p.
Biology: Handbook of schoolchildren and students / Ed. Z. Brema and I. Meinke; Per. with him. – 3rd ed., stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2003, pp. 243-244.
Olgova I.V. Collection of problems in general biology with solutions for university applicants. - M: NGO "ONYX 21st century", "World and Education", 2006. - 134p.
Borzova ZV, Dagaev AM. Didactic materials on biology: Methodological guide. (6-11 cells) - M: TC "Sphere", 2005. - 126s.
Egorova T.A., Klunova S.M. Fundamentals of biotechnology. - M .: Information Center "Academy", 2004. - 122 p.
Lerner G.I. General biology (grades 10-11): Preparation for the exam. Control and independent work/ G.I. Lerner. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 240s.
Markina V.V. General biology: tutorial/ V.V.markina, T.Yu. Tatarenko-Kozmina, T.P. Poradovskaya. – M.: Bustard, 2008. – 135p.
Nechaeva G.A., Fedoros E.I. Ecology in experiments: 10-11 grades: Toolkit. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. - 254 p.
Novozhenov Yu.I. Phyletic evolution of man. - Ekaterinburg, 2005. - 112p.
Natural history. Biology. Ecology: 5-11 grades: programs. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008. – 176p.
Ponomareva I.N., Kornilova O.A., Simonova L.V. Biology: Grade 10: methodological guide: basic level / I.N. Ponomareva, O.A. Kornilova, L.V. Simonova; under the editorship of Prof. I.N. Ponomareva. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008. – 96p.
Sivoglazov N.I., Agafonova I.B., Zakharova E.T. General biology. A basic level of. 10 - 11 class. - M.: Bustard, 2005. - 354 p.
Fedoros E.I., Nechaeva G.A. Ecology in experiments: textbook. allowance for students 10 - 11 cells. general education institutions. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005. – 155p.
Ecology: A system of tasks to control the mandatory level of graduate training high school/ Aut. V.N. Kuznetsov. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2004. - 76p.
Ecology in experiments: grades 10 - 11: manual. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. – 234p.
Ponomareva I.N., Korniklova O.A., Loshchilina T.E., Izhevsky P.V. Biology: Grade 11: Textbook for students of educational institutions: Basic level / Ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2007.
For the study of the biology course in the 10th grade, 1 hour per week, 34 hours, at 11 -1 o'clock per week, 34 hours are allocated. The program is built taking into account the content of the textbook General Biology grades 10 - 11, authors: D.K. Belyaev and others, publishing house "Prosveshchenie" 2012
Requirements for the level of training of graduates
As a result of studying biology at a basic level, the student should
Know/Understand:
the main provisions of biological theories (cellular, evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin); the doctrine of V.I.Vernadsky about the biosphere; the essence of the laws of G. Mendel, the laws of variability, the biogenetic law of Haeckel and Muller; the doctrine of the levels of organization of life; Vavilov's law of homological series; the essence of biological processes: reproduction, fertilization, the action of artificial and natural selection, the formation of fitness, the formation of species, the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in ecosystems and the biosphere; the structure of biological objects: cells, genes and chromosomes, species, ecosystems; the contribution of outstanding scientists to the development of biological science; biological terminology and symbolism; characteristic properties of living things: metabolism, reproduction, heredity, variability, growth and development, irritability, discreteness, self-regulation.
be able to:
explain: the role of biology in shaping the scientific worldview; the contribution of biological theories to the formation of a modern natural-science picture of the world; the unity of animate and inanimate nature, the relationship of living organisms; the negative impact of alcohol, nicotine, drugs on the development of the human embryo; the impact of mutagens on the human body, environmental factors on organisms; the relationship of organisms and the environment; causes of evolution, variability of species, disturbances in the development of organisms, hereditary diseases, mutations, stability and change of ecosystems; the need to conserve species diversity; mechanisms for the transfer of traits and properties from generation to generation, as well as the emergence of differences from parental forms in descendants. Compose simple pedigrees and solve genetic problems. Understand the need to develop theoretical genetics and practical selection to improve the efficiency of agricultural production and reduce the cost of food.
solve: elementary problems in genetics, ecology; draw up elementary cross-breeding schemes and schemes for the transfer of substances and energy in ecosystems (food chains, food networks, ecological pyramids;
describe individuals of species according to morphological criteria;
identify adaptations of organisms to the environment, sources of mutagens in the environment (indirectly), anthropogenic changes in the ecosystems of their area;
compare: biological objects (the chemical composition of bodies of animate and inanimate nature, the structure of the cells of plants and animals, the embryos of humans and other mammals, natural ecosystems and agroecosystems of their area), processes (natural and artificial selection, sexual and asexual reproduction) and draw conclusions based on comparisons;
analyze and evaluate various hypotheses of the essence of life, the origin of life and man, global environmental problems and ways to solve them, the consequences of their own activities in the environment;
study changes in ecosystems on biological models;
find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and evaluate it critically;
rules of conduct in the natural environment;
first aid for colds and other diseases, food poisoning;
Introduction. characteristic properties of living things. levels of organization of life. (1 hour)
The object of study of biology - Live nature. Features wildlife: level organization and evolution. The main levels of organization of living nature. Modern natural-science picture of the world. The role of biological theories, ideas, hypotheses in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world. Methods of knowledge of living nature.
Know/Understand: methods of cognition of living nature, levels of organization of living matter, criteria of living systems. Meaning of biological terms:
Biosphere, ecosystem, species, population, individual, organ, tissue, cell, organoid,
molecule. characteristic properties of living things: metabolism, reproduction, heredity, variability, growth and development, irritability, discreteness, self-regulation
Be able to: explain the role of biology in shaping the scientific worldview, the unity of living and inanimate nature; compare animate and inanimate bodies. Draw conclusions based on comparison. Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and critically evaluate it, use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for the rules of behavior in the natural environment;
Demos:
1. Biological systems
2. Levels of organization of living nature
3. Methods of knowledge of living nature.
Section 1 Cell is a unit of life (6 hours)
GL I : The chemical composition of the cell. (6 hours)
Elemental composition of the living matter of the biosphere. The chemical composition of the cell. The role of inorganic and organic substances in the cell and the human body. Biological polymers - proteins, structure and properties of proteins, functions of protein molecules. Carbohydrates: classification, structure and properties. Features of the structure of fats and lipids. DNA study history, structure. The structure and functions of chromosomes. DNA is the carrier of hereditary information. Doubling of the DNA molecule in the cell. Biological role DNA. Genetic code. RNA structure and functions. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:
know/understand : biological terminology and symbolism; levels of organization of living matter (molecular)
Be able to: compare biological objects (the chemical composition of bodies of living and non-living nature); the structure of biological objects: genes and chromosomes. Draw conclusions based on comparison. Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and critically evaluate it
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:
understanding the complex composition of medicines;
the need for the correct use of vitamins and biological supplements;
Intersubject communications: Inorganic chemistry: the structure of matter. Organic chemistry: principles of organization of organic compounds, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids. Physics: properties of liquids. History: Engels on proteins.
Demos:
4. Volumetric models of the structural organization of biological polymers: proteins and nucleic acids. The structure of the protein molecule
5. The structure of the DNA molecule
6. The structure of the RNA molecule
7. Doubling of the DNA molecule.
Laboratory work No. 1 "Catalyte ic activity to have enzymes in living tissues”.
GL II : Structure and functions of the cell. (4 hours)
Development of knowledge about the cell (R. Hooke, R. Virchow, K. Baer, M. Schleiden and T. Schwann). Cell theory. The role of cellular theory in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world.
Prenuclear and nuclear cells. Viruses are non-cellular forms. Cell structure. The main parts and organelles of the cell, their functions. The significance of the constancy of the number and shape of chromosomes in cells.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:
know/understand : levels of organization of life; the main provisions of the cell theory, the structure of the cell, the contribution of prominent scientists to the development of the theory of the cell; names of organelles, etc. cell structures, their functions; the chemical organization of the cell; non-cellular life forms.
Be able to: explain the drawings, diagrams presented in the textbook, draw up diagrams of the processes occurring in the cell, illustrate the answer with the simplest diagrams and drawings of cellular structures. Work with a microscope and make simple preparations for microscopic examination. Draw conclusions based on comparison. Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and critically evaluate it
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:
evaluation of the ethical aspects of some research in the field of biotechnology (cloning, artificial insemination);
Compliance with measures to prevent bacterial and viral diseases.
first aid for colds and other diseases;
AIDS prevention.
Intersubject communications: Inorganic chemistry: the structure of matter, redox reactions. Organic chemistry: structure and functions of organic compounds. Physics: properties of liquids, thermal phenomena, laws of thermodynamics.
Demos:
Cell structure
The structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
The structure of the virus
Laboratory work No. 2 "The structure of the plant, animal noah, mushroom and bacterial cells under microscope."
GL III : Providing cells with energy. (3 hours)
Metabolism and energy conversion are properties of living organisms. (metabolism) process ssy and stages of photosynthesis a and glycolysis; Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:know/understand : Metabolism (metabolism)Features of metabolism in plants, animals, bacteria,the essence of the processes of energy and plastic metabolism,Be able to: characterize the essence of the processes of energy and plastic metabolismDraw conclusions based on comparison identify characteristic features of photosynthesisand each stage glycols per, find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and evaluate it critically,to apply knowledge:about photosynthesis and glycolysis to explain the processin the evolution of organic th world. Interdisciplinary communications: Inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry
GL IV : Hereditary information and its implementation in the cell. (5 o'clock )
The structure and functions of chromosomes. DNA is the carrier of hereditary information.Doubling of the DNA molecule in the cell.substances that determine the individual development of the organism, the principle of DNA doubling; princetype of i-RNA synthesis; genetical code and its properties a; translation process; functions of t-RNA, ATP in the process of protein biosynthesis ka; The significance of the constancy of the number and shape of chromosomes in cells. Gene. The role of genes in protein biosynthesis. Genetic and cell engineering.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:
Be able to : characterize process ssy translation, transcription, gene and cellularoh engineering, the processes of regulation of protein biosynthesis:change knowledge:about the structure and functions of DNA and RNA to explainbiosynthesis process,genetic and cell engineering:
Reveal similarities and differencesEssov broadcast and trans scripts:
draw conclusions on the principle of transmission of hereditary informationtion, one for allliving organisms.
GL V , VI : reproduction of organisms. Individual development of organisms. (6 hour)
The body is a whole. Diversity of organisms. Ontogenesis. Individual development of the organism. Plant ontogeny. Causes of disorders in the development of organisms. Causes of disorders in the development of organisms. Individual human development. reproductive health.
The consequences of the influence of alcohol, nicotine, narcotic substances on the development of the human embryo. General laws of ontogenesis Similarity of embryos and embryonic divergence of characters (K. Baer's law) Biogenetic law (E. Haeckel and K. Müller). The development of the organism and the environment.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:
Know/Understand: the essence of the reproduction of organisms, its significance; forms of asexual reproduction, its evolutionary significance. sexual reproduction; evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction. Periods of formation of germ cells. Bad influence alcohol, nicotine, narcotic substances on the development of the human embryo;
Be able to: explain the processes of mitosis and meiosis and other stages of the formation of germ cells, using diagrams and drawings from the textbook; essence of asexual and sexual reproduction. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction and draw conclusions based on their comparison. Draw conclusions based on comparison Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and critically evaluate it.
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:
compliance with measures to prevent poisoning, viral and other diseases, stress, bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction);
assessment of the ethical aspects of some research in the field of biotechnology (cloning, artificial insemination).
Interdisciplinary connections: Inorganic chemistry: Protection of nature from the impact of chemical production waste. Physics: Electromagnetic field. Ionizing radiation, the concept of radiation dose and biological protection.
Demonstrations
Cell division (mitosis, meiosis)
Methods of asexual reproduction
sex cells
Fertilization in plants and animals
Individual development of the body
Diversity of organisms
Demonstration of tables reflecting the similarity of vertebrate embryos, as well as schemes for the transformation of organs and tissues in phylogeny.
GL VII , VIII , IX Fundamentals of genetics and selection. The main regularities of the phenomena of heredity. Genetics and selection (9 hours)
Heredity and variability are properties of organisms. Genetics - the science of the laws of heredity and variability The history of the development of genetics. G. Mendel is the founder of genetics.
Patterns of inheritance established by G. Mendel. First and second law. Complete and incomplete dominance. Analyzing cross.
Mendel's third law is the law of independent combination.Linked inheritance of traits.Chromosomal theory of heredity. Modern ideas about the gene and genome. Genetic sex determination. The genetic structure of the sex chromosomes. Inheritance of sex-linked traits.
Genotype as complete system. Interaction of allelic and non-allelic genes in determining traits.
Hereditary and non-hereditary variability. The effect of mutagens on the human body.
The value of genetics for medicine and breeding. Human hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention.
Selection. Teachings of N. I. Vavilov about the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants. Basic breeding methods: hybridization, artificial selection.Biotechnology, its achievements. Ethical aspects of the development of some research in biotechnology
know/understand : Know biological terminology and symbolism; the essence of the laws of G. Mendel, the laws of variability, the law of Vavilov's homological series
Be able to: Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and evaluate it critically. Draw conclusions based on comparison. solve: elementary problems in genetics, draw up elementary crossbreeding schemes, explain the mechanisms for the transfer of traits and properties from generation to generation, as well as the emergence of differences from parental forms in descendants. Compose simple pedigrees and solve genetic problems. Understand the need to develop theoretical genetics and practical selection to improve the efficiency of agricultural production and reduce the cost of food.
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:
assessment of the ethical aspects of some research in the field of biotechnology (cloning, artificial insemination).
Intersubject communications: Inorganic chemistry. Protection of nature from the impact of chemical production waste. Organic chemistry. The structure and functions of organic molecules: proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). Physics. Discrete electric charge. Fundamentals of molecular-kinetic theory. x-ray radiation. The concept of radiation dose and biological protection.
(human cloning).
Table demo:
monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
incomplete dominance
Linked inheritance.
Sex-linked inheritance. Hereditary human diseases. Mutations. The influence of alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking on heredity
Centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants
artificial selection. Hybridization
Solving elementary genetic problems Solving genetic problems and compiling pedigrees
The main content of the 11th grade course topics (1 hour per week, 34 hours)
GL X XI XII Evolution. (9 hours)
Development of evolutionary ideas. Evidence for evolution. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process
History of evolutionary ideas. The development of biology in the pre-Darwinian period. Prerequisites for the emergence of the teachings of Ch. Darwin. The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world. View, its criteria. A population is a structural unit of a species, a unit of evolution.
Ch. Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. Forms of natural selection Struggle for existence. Synthetic theory of evolution. driving forces evolution, their impact on the gene pool of the population. Conservation of species diversity as a basis for sustainable development of the biosphere. Microevolution.
know/understand : Know biological terminology and symbolism; the contribution of outstanding scientists to the development of biological science;
Be able to : Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and critically evaluate it. Draw conclusions based on comparison. explain: the role of biology in shaping the scientific worldview; the contribution of biological theories to the formation of a modern natural-science picture of the world;
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life to form a worldview.
Interdisciplinary connections: Philosophy: ideas of laws of existence of the world; history: life of outstanding scientists; Literature: works of Darwin, Lamarck, Linnaeus. Story. Culture of Western Europe at the endXV- first halfXVIIin. Culture of the first period new history. Great geographical discoveries.
Economic geography of foreign countries. World population. Geography of the world population.
Demonstrations
Driving Forces of Evolution
Formation of new species in nature
GL XII : Origin of life on Earth. (2 hours)
Hypotheses of the origin of life. Modern ideas about the origin of life.
Know/Understand: Know biological terminology and symbolism; the contribution of outstanding scientists to the development of biological science;
Be able to: Find information about biological objects in various sources and evaluate it critically. Draw conclusions based on comparison. explain: the role of biology in shaping the scientific worldview; the contribution of biological theories to the formation of a modern natural-science picture of the world; To explain the process of the emergence of life on Earth from a materialistic point of view as a natural event in the chain of evolutionary transformations of matter as a whole.
Interdisciplinary connections: Philosophy: ideas of laws of existence of the world; Inorganic chemistry. Periodic system of elements by D. I. Mendeleev. Properties of solutions. Organic chemistry. Receipt and Chemical properties saturated hydrocarbons. Physics. Ionizing radiation; the concept of radiation dose and biological protection. Astronomy. Organization of planetary systems. solar system; its structure. Place of the planet Earth in the solar system.
GL XIII , XIV Development of life on Earth. Human Origins. (10 hours)
Macroevolution. The main directions of the evolutionary process. Biological progress and biological regression.
Results of evolution. Complication of living organisms on Earth in the process of evolution. Hypotheses of the origin of man. Human evolution. The unity of the origin of races. Properties of man as a biosocial being.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students on the topic:
know/understand : Know biological terminology and symbolism.
Be able to: Find information about biological objects in various sources (educational texts, reference books, popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources) and evaluate it critically. Draw conclusions based on comparison. explain: the role of biology in shaping the scientific worldview; the contribution of biological theories to the formation of a modern natural-science picture of the world; To explain the process of the emergence of life on Earth from a materialistic point of view as a natural event in the chain of evolutionary transformations of matter as a whole.
Interdisciplinary connections: Philosophy: ideas of laws of existence of the world; Geography: the continents of the planet with their biodiversity.
Evolution flora
The evolution of the animal world
Rare and endangered species
Forms of preservation of fossil plants and animals
Driving Forces of Anthropogenesis
Human Origins
Origin of human races
Fundamentals of ecology.
GL XV , XVI , XVII : Ecosystems Biosphere. Biosphere protection. The impact of human activity on the biosphere. (13 hours)
Interrelation of nature and society. Conservation Biology Issues environmental management, nature protection: protection from pollution, preservation of standards and monuments of nature, ensuring natural resources population of the planet Bionics Human use in economic activity principles of organization of plants and animals.
Generalized requirements for knowledge and skills of students
Biology. General biology. 10-11 grades. A basic level of. Ed. Belyaeva D.K., Dymshitsa G.M.
11th ed. - M.: 2012. - 304 p. 5th ed. - M.: 2005. - 304 p.
The textbook has been finalized for teaching biology at a basic level in the amount of both 1 hour per week (total 35 hours) and 2 hours per week (total 70 hours). For those who study the subject 2 hours a week, in addition to the main text, material on a blue background is also intended.
Format: pdf (2012 , 11th ed., 304 pp.)
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Format: djvu (2005 , 5th ed., 304s.)
The size: 9.7 MB
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The size: 4 3.2 MB
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
How to use the textbook
Introduction
SECTION I. CELL - A UNIT OF LIVING
Chapter I. Chemical composition of the cell 7
§ 1. Inorganic compounds
§ 2. Biopolymers. Carbohydrates, lipids
§ 3. Biopolymers. Proteins, their structure
§ 4. Functions of proteins 20
§ 5. Biopolymers. Nucleic acids 22
§ 6. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell 25
Chapter II. Structure and function of the cell 27
§ 7. Cell theory
§ 8. Cytoplasm. Plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex and lysosomes
§ 9. Cytoplasm. Mitochondria, plastids, organelles of movement, inclusions 37
§ 10. Kernel. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes 31
Chapter III. Providing cells with energy
§ 11. Photosynthesis. Conversion of light energy into chemical bond energy 45
§ 12. Providing cells with energy due to the oxidation of organic substances without the participation of oxygen 50
§ 13. Biological oxidation with the participation of oxygen 52
Chapter IV. Hereditary information and its implementation in the B5 cell
§ 14. Genetic information. DNA doubling
§ 15. Formation of information RNA on the DNA matrix. Genetic code 58
§ 16. Biosynthesis of proteins 62
§ 17. Regulation of transcription and translation 64
§ 18. Viruses 67
§ 19. Genetic and cell engineering 71
SECTION II. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS
Chapter V. Reproduction of organisms 75
§ 20. Cell division. Mitosis
§ 21. Asexual and sexual reproduction 78
§ 22. Meiosis 80
§ 23. Formation of germ cells and fertilization 84
Chapter VI. Individual development of organisms 87
§ 24. Embryonic and postembryonic development of organisms -
§ 25. Organism as a whole 91
SECTION III. BASICS OF GENETICS AND SELECTION
Chapter VII. The main regularities of the phenomena of heredity 96
§ 26. Monohybrid crossing. Mendel's first and second laws
§ 27. Genotype and phenotype. Allelic genes 100
§ 28. Dihybrid crossing. Mendel's Third Law 103
§ 29. Linked inheritance of genes 106
§ 30. Genetics of sex 110
§ 31. Interaction of genes. Cytoplasmic inheritance 110
§ 32. Interaction of the genotype and the environment in the formation of a trait 113
Chapter VIII. Patterns of variability 116
§ 33. Modification and hereditary variability. Combination variability -
§ 34. Mutational variability 119
§ 35. Hereditary variability of a person 122
§ 36. Treatment and prevention of certain human hereditary diseases 126
Chapter IX. Genetics and selection 128
§ 37. Domestication as the initial stage of selection -
§ 38. Methods of modern selection 131
§ 39. Polyploidy, distant hybridization, artificial mutagenesis and their importance in breeding 134
§ 40. Selection successes 137
SECTION IV. EVOLUTION
Chapter X. Development of evolutionary ideas. Evidence for evolution 142
§ 41, The emergence and development of evolutionary ideas -
§ 42. Charles Darwin and his theory of the origin of species 144
§ 43. Evidence of evolution 149
§ 44 Kind. View criteria. Populations.
Chapter XI. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process 161
§ 45. The role of variability in the evolutionary process -
§ 46. Natural selection - the guiding factor of evolution 164
§ 47. Forms of natural selection in populations 166
§ 48. Gene drift - a factor in evolution
§ 49. Isolation - an evolutionary factor 171
§ 50. Fitness - the result of the factors of evolution
§ 51. Speciation
§ 52. The main directions of the evolutionary process
Chapter XII. Origin of life on earth
§ 53. Development of ideas about the origin of life
§ 54. Modern views on the origin of life
Chapter XIII. Development of life on Earth
§ 55. Development of life in the cryptozoic
§ 56. Development of life in the early Paleozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian)
§ 57. Development of life in the late Paleozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian)
§ 58. Development of life in the Mesozoic
§ 59. Development of life in the Cenozoic 201
§ 60. Diversity of the organic world. Principles of taxonomy 205
§ 61. Classification of organisms
Chapter XIV. The origin of man 216
§ 62. Closest relatives" of man among animals
§ 63. The main stages of the evolution of primates 223
§ 64. The first representatives of the genus Homo 227
§ 65. Appearance of Homo sapiens 231
§ 66. Factors of human evolution 238
SECTION V. BASICS OF ECOLOGY
Chapter XV. Ecosystems 248
§ 67. The subject of ecology. Environmental factors of the environment
§ 68. Interaction of populations of different species 245
§ 69. Communities. Ecosystems 241
§ 70. Energy flow and food chains 261
§ 71. Properties of ecosystems 256
§ 72. Change of ecosystems
§ 73. Agrocenoses 261
§ 74. Application of environmental knowledge in practical human activities 263
Chapter XVI. Biosphere. Biosphere protection 266
§ 75. Composition and functions of the biosphere
§ 76. Cycle of chemical elements 268
§ 77. Biogeochemical processes in the biosphere 272
Chapter XVII. The impact of human activity on the biosphere 273
§ 78. Global environmental problems 274
§ 79. Society and the environment 282
Problem solving 287
Laboratory workshop 290
Brief glossary of terms 296