With the strengthening of autocratic power, the Boyar Duma lost its significance. Peter I stopped awarding Duma ranks, and the Duma began to "die out." During the reign of Peter I, Zemsky Sobors were forgotten.
Establishment of the Senate
Colleges and orders
In 1717, Peter I determined the name of the central bodies of state administration and their tasks. The decree issued by the king read: "... Colleges were instituted, that is, an assembly of many persons instead of orders." Boards are bodies of the central executive power. Their number was much less than orders.
At the same time, the apparatus of orders was not completely destroyed. Some of them became offices run by appointed chiefs. Local government institutions were closely connected with colleges.
Under Peter I, there was the Preobrazhensky Prikaz - it was an organ of political investigation. He obeyed only the king. It was headed by F. Yu. Ro-modanovsky. This order dealt with crimes against the king, the church and the state.
Holy Synod
The formation of a complex system of state institutions with a whole army of bureaucratic officials took place in Europe during the period of the formation of the states of the New Age - absolute, that is, not accountable to anyone, monarchies.
France under Louis XIV (1643-1715) and Russia from the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich to Peter I (1645-1721) became a model of absolutism. It is no coincidence that Alexei Mikhailovich was declared the “king of the sun” a couple of years earlier than Louis XIV! Both states were characterized by the omnipotence of the ruler, relying on a powerful bureaucratic apparatus, the army and the all-powerful police.
Explanations for the scheme:
1) The king (since 1721 the emperor) was at the head of the state and still had full power.
2) Near office(in 1699-1711) replaced the Boyar Duma, then took its place Senate (1711).
3) Judicial, administrative and partially legislative power was concentrated in the Senate. He supervised all institutions in the state. The decisions of the Senate were collegial.
4) Attorney General and his deputy chief prosecutor controlled the work of the Senate. They obeyed fiscals, who exercised control over all central and local administrative institutions.
5) The place of several dozen old Moscow orders was taken by colleges- central government bodies - there were only 11 of them. Synod- the central governing body of the Church (it was attended by church hierarchs, who were appointed by the tsar himself), as well as Chief Magistrate, ruled all the cities of the empire. Preobrazhensky order was in charge of political investigation.
The territory of Russia was divided into provinces (in 1708-1710 - 8. From 1719 - 11), which were divided into 50 provinces, and those, in turn, into discrits.
Peter introduced a new, more consistent than before, territorial division of the state. At the head of the main territorial unit - the province - was the governor, who concentrated in his hands all the power - administrative, police, judicial and financial. As a result government reforms Peter I in Russia there was a modernization of state power according to the Western model. Peter tried to build a regular state in Russia, based on a predetermined plan - on the principles of rationality, with a single and identical system of government in its parts. An important principle in management has become the principle of collegiality - collective responsibility for decisions made in collegiums. In 1720, the General Regulations were published, which consolidated this principle and determined the basis for the functioning of the colleges.
Poll taxation introduced (for peasants and townspeople). Nobles and clergy did not pay taxes. In 1680-1724. tripling government revenues.
At the kaz on the succession to the throne (1722) will be the cause of the era of palace coups.
Features of the reforms: 1) were carried out according to the European model; 2) had a hard course and a fast pace; 3) there was no system in their implementation; 4) took place on the basis of the state system of serfdom; 5) covered all spheres of activity and life of society; 6) depended on foreign policy.
The reformation of Russia under Peter I was distinguished by a certain feverishness and even inconsistency. This was largely due to the tense war with Sweden. The reforms largely served to strengthen the absolute power of the monarch. At the end of the reign of Peter I state structure already strikingly different from the structure of Muscovite Russia, largely following Western European models. In Russia, an absolute monarchy is finally taking shape - a system of power in which its entirety belongs indefinitely to one person at the head of the state - the tsar (emperor, king).
The attitude towards Peter and his reforms was ambiguous even during his lifetime. Some consider him a Westerner and a modernizer, while others consider him a tyrant and despot. Some see the reforms as a break with the previous national tradition, others consider them only a slightly improved preservation of these traditions.
Notes of the Danish envoy Just Yul about Peter I (Extract)
The king is very tall, wears his own short curly brown hair and rather large mustaches, is simple in dress and outward receptions, but very shrewd and intelligent. At dinner at the chief commandant's, the tsar had with him a sword taken from Field Marshal Reinshild in the Battle of Poltava. ... On December 15, 1709, in the afternoon, I went to the Admiralty Shipyard to be present at the lifting of the stems on a 50-gun ship, but that day one stem was raised, since the arrows (goats) were too weak to lift the stern. The king, as the chief shipmaster (a position for which he received a salary), disposed of everything, participated with others in the work and, where necessary, chopped with an ax, which he owned more skillfully than all the other carpenters present there. The officers and other people who were at the shipyard were drinking and shouting every minute. There was no shortage of boyars turned into jesters, on the contrary, a large number of them gathered here. It is noteworthy that, having made all the necessary orders to raise the stem, the tsar took off his hat in front of the admiral general who was standing there, asked him whether to start, and only after receiving an affirmative answer put it on again, and then set to work. The tsar shows such respect and obedience not only to the admiral, but also to all senior persons in the service, for for the time being he himself is only a shautbenacht. Perhaps this may seem ridiculous, but, in my opinion, this course of action is based on a sound principle: the tsar, by his own example, wants to show other Russians how, in official matters, they should be respectful and obedient towards their boss.
From the shipyard, the king went to visit one of his ship's carpenters for the evening.
... The tsar often entertains himself with turning and, when traveling, carries the machine behind him. In this skill, he is not inferior to the most skillful turner and even reached the point that he can carve portraits and figures. When I visited, he got up from time to time from the bench, walked up and down the room, made fun of the faces standing around and drank with them, and also sometimes talked to this or that, among other things, about the most important matters, about what is most convenient to talk with the king in such cases. When the tsar again sat down at the machine, he began to work with such zeal and attention that he did not hear what was said to him, and did not answer, but with great perseverance continued his work, as if he worked for money and earned his livelihood with this labor. In such cases, everyone stands around him and watches how he works. Everyone stays with him as long as he wants and leaves when he pleases, without saying goodbye.
Personalities of the late 17th - first quarter of the 18th centuries.
Alexey Petrovich(1690-1718) - Tsarevich, son of Peter I and Evdokia Lopukhina. He was hostile to his father's reforms. In 1711 he married Princess Sophia Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, the sister of the Austrian emperor, who died in 1715. From this marriage were born a daughter, Natalia, and a son, Peter (future Emperor Peter II). Fearing persecution by his father, in 1716 Alexei secretly left for Vienna under the protection of his brother-in-law, the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, but was returned to Russia in 1718, where he was immediately arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress on charges of treason and sentenced to death. He died in his cell on the eve of his execution. According to some reports, he was strangled by the close associates of Peter I; according to other sources, died after sentencing.
Bulavin Kondraty Afanasyevich(1660-1708) - Don Cossack, son of the stanitsa ataman. The leader of the uprising on the Don in 1707-1708. In 1707 Russia waged the Northern War with Sweden. To recruit recruits and search for runaway peasants, a military detachment was sent to the Don, headed by Prince V.V. Dolgorukovs. The old Cossack rule “No extradition from the Don” became the reason for the uprising. After the capture of Cherkassk - the capital of the Don army - Bulavin was declared a military chieftain. But after a series of unsuccessful battles, unrest began among the rebels, part of the Cossacks separated and tried to capture Bulavin. In a brutal shootout, he was killed.
Golitsyn Vasily Vasilievich(1643-1714) - prince, military and statesman of Russia, boyar (since 1676). Moved forward under Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Headed a number of orders. Participated in the defense of the southern borders of the country in the 70-80s. 17th century He headed the commission that worked out the decision to abolish mestnichestvo. In 1686, he obtained from Poland the conclusion of the Eternal Peace, according to which she recognized the entry of Ukraine into Russia. He led the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, which turned out to be unsuccessful. A supporter of rapprochement with the West, using the experience of Europe in reforming Russia. In the reign of Sofya Alekseevna - her favorite and the actual ruler of the state. After her fall, he was deprived of the boyar title, property and exiled with his family.
Dolgorukovs - princes, associates of Peter I: Vasily Lukich (1670-1739) - diplomat, member of the Supreme Privy Council, executed; Grigory Fedorovich (1656-1723) - diplomat, ambassador to Poland 1701-1721; Yakov Fedorovich (1639-1720) - confidant of Peter I, in 1700-1711. in Swedish captivity; from 1712 - senator, from 1717 - president of the Auditing Board.
Ivan V Alekseevich(1666-1696) - Russian Tsar, son of Alexei Mikhailovich from marriage with M. Miloslavskaya. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, the Naryshkins proclaimed the younger Tsarevich Peter the tsar, removing their older brother Ivan, who was sickly and incapable of state affairs. However, during the Streltsy uprising, Ivan was placed on the throne, and then approved by the Zemsky Sobor as the first king, and his younger brother Peter began to be considered the second king. The reign of Ivan V was nominal: until 1689, Princess Sofya Alekseevna actually ruled, then Peter I.
Lefort Franz Yakovlevich(1656-1699) - military leader, a native of Switzerland. In 1678 he entered military service in the Russian army, participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681) and the Crimean campaigns (1687 and 1689). Became close to Peter I, which contributed to his rapid career; from 1691 - lieutenant general, from 1695 - admiral. In the Azov campaigns he commanded the Russian fleet. In 1697–1698 formally headed the Grand Embassy to Western Europe.
Lopukhina Evdokia Fedorovna(1670–1731) – Empress, first wife of Peter I, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, in 1698 she was tonsured a nun. In 1718, after the trial of Tsarevich Alexei, she was transferred from Suzdal to the Ladoga Assumption Monastery, and in 1725 to the Shlisselburg Fortress. After the accession of her grandson Peter II, she lived in the Moscow Ascension Monastery, enjoyed royal honors.
Mazepa Ivan Stepanovich(1640-1709) - Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine (1687-1708). One of the largest landowners in Ukraine. In an effort to separate Ukraine from Russia, he went over to the side of Charles XII after the Swedes invaded Ukraine. In the Battle of Poltava he fought on the side of the Swedes. After the defeat, he fled with Charles XII to the Turkish fortress of Bendery, where he died.
Menshikov Alexander Danilovich(1673-1729) - statesman and military figure, generalissimo. The son of a court groom, a servant of Lefort, from 1686 he was a batman and favorite of Peter I. Accompanied the tsar in the Azov campaigns (1695–1696), in the Great Embassy, supervised the construction of St. them to surrender (1709). Since 1704 - major general; since 1702 - count; since 1707 - the most serene prince, promoted to field marshal; since 1718 - President of the Military Collegium. After the death of Peter I, relying on the guards, he enthroned Catherine I and became the de facto ruler of Russia. After her death, Peter II accused Menshikov of high treason and embezzlement of the treasury. The prince was arrested, deprived of all titles and awards, property and fortune. Exiled with his family to Berezov (now the Tyumen region), where he soon died.
Naryshkins- Russian noble family XVI - early XX century. The rise of the family is connected with the second marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the mother of Peter I. Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin (1664–1705) was a statesman, boyar, and uncle of Peter I. One of the largest and most influential politicians in Russia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1690–1702 headed the Ambassadorial order.
Peter I the Great(1672-1725) - Russian Tsar since 1682, Russian Emperor since 1721. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov and Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. Proclaimed king at the age of 10. However, he received real power after the removal of the sister regent Sofya Alekseevna (1689) and the death of his half-brother co-ruler Ivan V (1696). He continued the line of his father and older half-brother Fyodor Alekseevich to overcome the backwardness of Russia by more actively introducing it to Western traditions. Peter I is an outstanding statesman of Russia, who significantly advanced its development in all areas. He considered the main task of his reign to ensure Russia's access to non-freezing seas. This was the subject of his Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696), as well as the long Northern War, the result of which was the proclamation of Russia as an empire, and Peter I - the first Russian emperor and "Father of the Fatherland". In 1703, he began the construction of St. Petersburg, and in 1713 he moved the capital there.
Peter I carried out a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the country, its political and economic life. He was married twice - to Evdokia Lopukhina and Marta Skavronskaya (Catherine I), had a son Alexei and daughters Anna and Elizabeth (children from his first marriage - Alexander and Pavel and from the second - Catherine, Maria, Margarita, Peter, Pavel, Natalya - died in infancy or childhood). Son Alexei was accused of high treason and died in prison under unclear circumstances. Peter I himself died on January 28, 1725, without having time to name the heir to the throne.
The emperor was largely able to solve most of the tasks that Russia faced by late XVII in. The country received access to the Baltic Sea, a regular army and navy were created, a state system was formed that corresponded to European standards, a powerful breakthrough was made in the economy and cultural development. Russia forced other European states to reckon with it. A significant role in these changes was played by Peter I, who, being an integral and selfless nature, subordinated his whole life, all his activities to the service of the Russian Empire.
Prokopovich Feofan(1681-1736) - political and church figure, writer, historian. Originally from Ukraine. From 1711 he was the rector of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. In 1716 he moved to St. Petersburg and became the closest assistant to Peter I in carrying out church reform. Since 1721 - Vice-President of the Synod. In his works “The Word of the Power and Honor of the Tsar”, “The Truth of the Will of the Monarchs”, he proved the need for a policy of “enlightened absolutism” in Russia, the further strengthening of serfdom. Author of The History of Emperor Peter the Great from His Birth to Poltava battle"and other works. He took part in the creation of the Academy of Sciences.
Sofia Alekseevna(1657-1704) - the ruler of Russia in 1682-1689, the daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from her marriage to M. Miloslavskaya. She was distinguished by intelligence, energy, ambition, was an educated woman. Taking advantage of the uprising of 1682, the Miloslavsky party seized power, Ivan V Alekseevich was proclaimed the first tsar, and Peter the second. Sophia became regent for the young brothers-kings. During the years of her reign, some concessions were made to the settlements and the search for fugitive peasants was weakened. In 1689, there was a gap between Sophia and the boyar-noble group that supported Peter I. Peter's party won. Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. During the Streltsy uprising of 1698, Sophia's supporters intended to "shout out" her to the kingdom. After the suppression of the uprising, Sophia was tonsured under the name of Susanna as a nun at the Novodevichy Convent, where she died.
Sheremetev Boris Petrovich(1652-1719) - statesman and military figure, field marshal general, diplomat, count. Associate of Peter I, participated in the Crimean and Azov campaigns. In 1697–1699 headed diplomatic missions to Poland, Austria, Italy, Malta. An active participant in the Northern War, the Battle of Poltava, the Prut campaign, etc.
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Reforms of public administration of Emperor Peter 1
Historians call the Petrine reforms of the central administration the large-scale transformations of the state apparatus that took place during the reign of Peter the Great. The main innovations of the ruler are the creation of the Governing Senate, as well as the complete replacement of the system of orders by Collegia, the formation of the royal Secret Office of the Holy Synod.
During the formation of Peter on the throne, the nobles acted as a key post of state administration, who received their rank by the right of surname and origin. Peter, who came to power, understood that the established system of government was one of the weak links. What exactly is it that hinders the country in its development.
Traveling around Europe from 1697 to 1698, the king as part of the Great Embassy allowed him to get acquainted with the system of administrative bodies in European states. Based on them, he decides to carry out reforms in Russia.
With the beginning of Peter's power, the Boyar Duma began to lose its power and subsequently turned into an ordinary bureaucratic department. From 1701, all its work was delegated to a new body called the "Concil of Ministers", which was a council of chiefs of the most important government bodies. At the same time, it included many of the same boyars.
Two years before that, the Near Office is created, which controls the financial transactions of each order and makes administrative decisions. All royal advisers were required to sign the most important documents and register these events in a special book of nominal decrees.
Establishment of the Senate
On March 2, 1711, Peter the Great formed the so-called Governing Senate, which is the highest body of administrative, judicial and legislative power. The tsar assigned all his duties to this body during his absence, because frequent trips due to the Northern War could not stop the development of the state. At the same time, this administrative body was completely subordinate to the royal will and had a collegiate structure, the members of which were personally selected by Peter. On February 22, 1711, a new additional post of fiscal was created, which was supposed to carry out additional supervision during the absence of the king for officials.
The formation and development of colleges takes place in the period from 1718 to 1726. In them, the king saw an organ capable of replacing the outdated system of slow orders, which, for the most part, only duplicated the functions of each other.
Appearing, colleges completely absorbed orders, and in the period from 1718 to 1720, the presidents of the educated Colleges even are senators and personally sit in the Senate. It should be noted that later only the main Colleges remained in the Senate:
- Foreign Affairs;
- Admiralty;
- Military.
The formation of the system of boards described above completes the process of bureaucratization and centralization of the state apparatus of Russia. The division of departmental functions, as well as the general norms of activity regulated by the General Regulations, is the main difference between the updated Petrine apparatus and the previous management system.
General Regulations
By royal decree of May 9, 1718, the presidents of the three colleges were instructed to begin the development of a document called the General Regulations, which would be a system of office work and be based on the Swedish charter. This system later became known as "college". In fact, the regulation approved a collegial way of discussing and resolving cases, as well as organizing office work and regulating relations with self-government bodies and the Senate.
On March 10, 1720, this document was approved and signed by the ruler of Russia, Peter the Great. The charter included an introduction, as well as fifty-six chapters with general principles operation of the apparatus of each public institution and various applications for the interpretation of new foreign words that were in the text of the General Regulations.
Holy Synod
Before the end of the Northern War, Peter the Great begins to plan his church transformations. He orders Bishop Feofan Prokopovich to start developing the Spiritual Regulations, and on February 5, 1721, the Tsar approves and signs the establishment of the Spiritual College, which will later become known as the "Holy Governing Synod."
Each member of this body was required to personally swear allegiance to the king. On May 11, 1722, the post of chief prosecutor appeared, supervising the activities of the Synod and reporting all the news to the ruler.
Having created the Synod, the sovereign introduced the church into the mechanism of the state, in fact likening it to one of the many existing administrative institutions at that time, endowed with certain functions and responsibilities.
Scheme of government under Peter I
Table: reforms of Peter I in the field of public administration
| reform date | The content of the reform |
| 1704 | The Boyar Duma was abolished |
| 1711 | The Senate was established (legislative, control and financial functions) |
| 1700-1720 | The abolition of the patriarchate and the creation of the Holy Synod |
| 1708-1710 | Reform of local self-government. Creation of provinces |
| 1714-1722 | Creation of the prosecutor's office, introduction of the position of fiscals |
| 1718-1721 | Replacement of orders by colleges |
| 1722. | Change in the system of succession to the throne (now the monarch himself appointed his own successor) |
| 1721. | Proclamation of Russia as an empire |
Scheme: local self-government after the management reforms of Peter I
Video lecture: Reforms of Peter I in the field of management
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Task 1 of 4 1 .In what year was the government senate formed by Peter 1? Correctly Not right |
Military reform was a continuation of the changes initiated by Alexei Mikhailovich. But, while under Alexei Mikhailovich such changes were adjusted to Russian conditions, Peter's reforms drove the Russian army into Western forms, without taking into account their acceptability for Russians. Rogues from all over the world flocked to serve in the Russian army.
civil reform was to create a completely new system of government. Instead of a Duma, a “Senate” was set up; instead of orders - "collegia"; The country was divided into 8 "provinces". Everything became similar to the Western system.
Estate reform radically changed the whole old device. Since Peter fought a lot, military service or work in the production of weapons began to play a dominant role. A soldier who distinguished himself in the war became an officer. Peter also sent Russians to study abroad.
Peasant reform led to the complete enslavement of the Russian peasants. Peter did this for the convenience of governing the country: instead of dealing with millions of citizens, he had to deal with a limited number of landowners who received complete power over the peasants. With the weakening of the influence of the church, the treatment of the peasants worsened and frequent peasant uprisings soon began.
financial reform was needed to increase fees for military needs and in order to force the Russian people to quickly accept Western customs. Under Peter, many taxes were introduced: on baths (in the west at that time they didn’t wash at all!), beards (in the west they shaved), mills, cellars, bees, schismatics, cabbies, etc. Tax collection was carried out strictly and the treasury under Peter was constantly replenished .
Sign of payment of duty for a beard
The purpose of education began to give students as much scientific and military knowledge as possible. that is, education departs from traditional Russian spirituality and a passion for materialistic humanism begins. All higher schools settled in the Western way, where there is no longer any talk of God. Under Peter, a new, simplified civil type was also introduced for printing all books, except for church ones. This further accelerates the “separation of church and state” fashionable in the West.
The letters of the new civil font were chosen by Peter I, the strikethrough letters were not accepted.
As a kind of education, Peter forced people to arrange evening dance meetings (“assemblies”), where guests, violating church rules, had to come with their wives and daughters. This was also done to make Russian society look more like Western society.
In addition to these major reforms, Peter made many other smaller changes.
Under Peter, all Russian life changed and began to look like a European one. Even the name "Muscovite State" did not like Peter and Russia began to be called "empire", and Peter began to call himself "emperor". This change in name, like many other Peter's innovations, was not well thought out: the term empire implies the forcible seizure of people and lands under the rule of the emperor - that is, exactly what Russia has never done.
All these changes, especially the abolition of the patriarch, the weakening of the church, the demands to abandon their native way of life and the enslavement of the peasants were alien to the Russian people.
Peter the Great (1672 - 1725) - Russian Tsar, ruled independently from 1689 to 1725. He carried out a large-scale reform of all areas of life in Russia. The artist Valentin Serov, who dedicated a number of works to Peter, described him as follows: “He was terrible: long, on weak, thin legs and with such a small head, in relation to the whole body, that he should have looked more like some kind of stuffed animal with a poorly set head than a living person. There was a constant tic in his face, and he was always "cutting faces": blinking, twitching his mouth, moving his nose and clapping his chin. At the same time, he walked with huge steps, and all his companions were forced to follow him at a run. .Prerequisites for the reforms of Peter the Great
Peter accepted Russia as a backward country, located on the outskirts of Europe. Muscovy had no access to the sea, with the exception of the White, regular army, navy, developed industry, trade, the system of government was antediluvian and inefficient, there were no higher educational establishments(only in 1687 the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy opened in Moscow), printing, theater, painting, libraries, not only the people, but many members of the elite: boyars, nobles, did not know the letter. Science did not develop. Serfdom ruled.
Public Administration Reform
- Peter replaced the orders, which did not have clear responsibilities, with collegiums, the prototype of future ministries
- College of Foreign Affairs
- Collegium military
- Maritime College
- College for commercial affairs
- College of Justice...
The boards consisted of several officials, the eldest was called the chairman or president. All of them were subordinate to the Governor-General, who was a member of the Senate. There were 12 boards in total.
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In March 1711, Peter created the Governing Senate. At first its function was to govern the country in the absence of the king, then it became a permanent institution. The Senate consisted of presidents of colleges and senators - people appointed by the king.
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In January 1722, Peter issued a "table of ranks" with 14 class ranks from State Chancellor (first rank) to collegiate registrar (fourteenth)
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Peter reorganized the secret police system. Since 1718, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, which was in charge of political crimes, was transformed into the Secret Investigative Office
Church reform of Peter
Peter abolished the patriarchate, a church organization practically independent of the state, and instead created the Holy Synod, all members of which were appointed by the tsar, thereby eliminating the autonomy of the clergy. Peter pursued a policy of religious tolerance, facilitating the existence of the Old Believers and allowing foreigners to freely profess their faith.
Administrative reform of Peter
Russia was divided into provinces, provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into counties.
Provinces:
- Moscow
- Ingrian
- Kyiv
- Smolensk
- Azov
- Kazanskaya
- Arkhangelsk
- Siberian
- Riga
- Astrakhan
- Nizhny Novgorod
Military reform of Peter
Peter replaced the irregular and noble militia with a permanent regular army, completed with recruits, recruited one from each of the 20 peasant or petty-bourgeois households in the Great Russian provinces. He built a powerful navy, he wrote the military charter himself, taking the Swedish one as a basis.
Peter turned Russia into one of the strongest maritime powers in the world, with 48 linear and 788 galley and other ships
Economic reform of Peter
The modern army could not exist without a state supply system. To supply the army and navy with weapons, uniforms, food, consumables, it was necessary to create a powerful industrial production. By the end of Peter's reign, about 230 factories and plants operated in Russia. Factories focused on the production of glass products, gunpowder, paper, canvas, linen, cloth, paints, ropes, even hats were created, the metallurgical, sawmilling, and leather industries were organized. In order for the products of Russian craftsmen to be competitive in the market, high customs duties were introduced on European goods. Encouraging entrepreneurial activity, Peter widely used the issuance of loans to create new manufactories and trading companies. The largest enterprises that arose in the era of Peter's reforms were those created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, Tula, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Samara
- Admiralty shipyard
- Arsenal
- Gunpowder factories
- Metallurgical plants
- Linen production
- Production of potash, sulfur, saltpeter
By the end of the reign of Peter I, Russia had 233 factories, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. During the first quarter of the 18th century, 386 different ships were built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, at the beginning of the century, about 150 thousand pounds of pig iron were smelted in Russia, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand pounds, Russia caught up with England in iron smelting
Peter's reform in education
The army and navy needed qualified specialists. Therefore, Peter paid great attention to their preparation. During his reign were organized in Moscow and St. Petersburg
- School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
- artillery school
- engineering school
- medical school
- Marine Academy
- mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories
- Digital schools for "children of every rank"
- Garrison schools for children of soldiers
- spiritual schools
- Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after the death of the emperor)
Reforms of Peter in the field of culture
- Publication of the first Russian newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti"
- Ban on boyars wearing beards
- Establishment of the first Russian museum - Kunskamera
- Requirement for nobility to wear European dress
- Creation of assemblies where the nobles were to appear together with their wives
- Creation of new printing houses and translation into Russian of many European books
Reforms of Peter the Great. Chronology
- 1690 - The first guards regiments Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky were created
- 1693 - Creation of a shipyard in Arkhangelsk
- 1696 - Creation of a shipyard in Voronezh
- 1696 - Decree on the establishment of an arms factory in Tobolsk
- 1698 - Decree banning the wearing of beards and ordering the nobles to wear European clothes
- 1699 - Dissolution of the archery troops
- 1699 - creation of commercial and industrial enterprises enjoying a monopoly
- 1699, December 15 - Decree on the reform of the calendar. New Year starts January 1
- 1700 - Creation of the Government Senate
- 1701 - Decree forbidding kneeling at the sight of the sovereign and taking off his hat in winter, passing by his palace
- 1701 - Opening of the school of mathematical and navigational sciences in Moscow
- 1703, January - the first Russian newspaper is published in Moscow
- 1704 - Replacement of the Boyar Duma with a council of ministers - the Council of Chiefs of Orders
- 1705 - First recruitment decree
- 1708 November - Administrative Reform
- 1710, January 18 - decree on the official introduction of the Russian civil alphabet instead of Church Slavonic
- 1710 - Foundation of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg
- 1711 - instead of the Boyar Duma, a Senate of 9 members and a chief secretary was created. Monetary reform: minting gold, silver and copper coins
- 1712 - Transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
- 1712 - Decree on the creation of horse breeding farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kyiv provinces
- 1714, February - Decree on the opening of digital schools for the children of clerks and priests
- 1714, March 23 - Decree on majorate (single inheritance)
- 1714 - Foundation of the State Library in St. Petersburg
- 1715 - Creation of shelters for the poor in all cities of Russia
- 1715 - Order of the merchant college to organize the training of Russian merchants abroad
- 1715 - Decree to encourage the cultivation of flax, hemp, tobacco, mulberries for silkworms
- 1716 - Census of all dissenters for double taxation
- 1716, March 30 - Adoption of military regulations
- 1717 - The introduction of free trade in grain, the annulment of some privileges for foreign merchants
- 1718 - Replacement of Orders by Colleges
- 1718 - Judicial reform. tax reform
- 1718 - Beginning of the census (lasted until 1721)
- 1719, November 26 - Decree on the establishment of assemblies - free meetings for fun and business
- 1719 - Creation of an engineering school, the establishment of the Berg College to manage the mining industry
- 1720 - Adopted the Charter of the Sea
- 1721, January 14 - Decree on the creation of the Theological College (future Holy Synod)