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A mixture of Negroid and Mongoloid races. mixed race

"The ancient ancestors of man" - The figurines of animals were pierced with arrows, thus killing the beast. Views based on the fact that man was created by God or the gods. Australopithecus is considered to be all bipedal monkeys. Possessing developed speech, Neanderthals skillfully coordinated their actions. DRIOPITE? KI (Dryopithecinae, "tree monkeys"), a subfamily of extinct great apes.

"Ancient people" - Speech is articulate. Pithecanthropus. Heidelberg man. No. 6. What type are ancient people? Test 6. The oldest people belong to the species: A skilled person. Well developed chin. The most ancient people (archanthropes) include (_). Human Origins. Height is about 155-165 cm. Yes. 5. Could the earliest people make fire?

"Primitive society" - In the history of cave painting of the Paleolithic era, experts distinguish several periods. We repeat... We can judge the beginning of the development of religion from archaeological excavations. Homo habilis. Neanderthal.

"The origin and development of man" - Voice the religious version of the origin of man? Stages of development. Give examples of the mythological explanation of the origin of man? What do you understand by the term "lifelong learning"? We have come to the following conclusions: Statement of the question of the origin of man. After carefully studying the additional material, make a table "Stages of human development."

"Biology anthropogenesis" - Comparative anatomical. Anthropogenesis -. Test Yourself: Rudiments. Lesson Objective: What evidence is there for evolution? Biological. - the process of evolutionary origin and development of the Homo sapiens species. Factors of human evolution. Paleontological. Evidence of anthropogenesis.

"The emergence of man" - Question 1. Features of the philosophical study of man. Hominid triad. Evolutionary factors of anthropogenesis. One of the specific properties human-analysis himself. The complex nature of anthropogenesis. Question 4. The philosophical meaning of the concept of "man". Man from a man's point of view. Historical forms of humanism.

In total there are 19 presentations in the topic

Ancient and relic races

Modern population genetics admits that the currently existing races do not exhaust the entire historical morphological diversity of people of the modern type, and that in ancient times there were races that either disappeared without a trace, or whose features were later blurred as a result of assimilation by carriers of other races, in particular, the Uralist V. AT. Napolskikh put forward a hypothesis about the existence of a Paleo-Ural race in the past, the signs of which are currently blurred between the Ural-Siberian Caucasoids and Western Mongoloids, however, they are not characteristic of either Caucasoids in general or Mongoloids in general. Biologist S.V. Drobyshevsky points out that the morphological diversity of people in the Paleolithic was perhaps even more pronounced than at the present time, and that the skulls of people of that time do not fall under the classification features of modern races. In particular, only in Europe he singles out at least the following extinct prehistoric races:

Grimaldian

Cro-Magnon

barma grande

shanselyadskaya

Oberkassel

brunnian

bryunn-przhedmostskaya

aurignacian

solutrean

Natufian (Near East).

General remarks (Mestizos and mulattos, A white man, Racial differences)

As a result of mixed marriages, mixed races appear. Mulattos are the result of a combination of the Negroid and Caucasian races, mestizos - Mongoloid and Caucasian, and Sambo - Negroid and Mongoloid. Moreover, there are entire nationalities that are currently changing their racial identity. For example, the inhabitants of Ethiopia and Somalia are moving from Negroid to Caucasian, and the inhabitants of Madagascar - from Mongoloid to Negroid. It should be borne in mind that in the "post-Columbian" era, huge masses of the population left their natural areas. So Saskatchewan might have a Bushman, and Nuku'alofa a Dutchman. But this is already the result of the action of not anthropological, but historical factors. In addition, a large proportion of modern humanity are mestizos, the result of interracial mixing (for example, Afroasiatics). Back in the "pre-Columbian" era, mestizo transitional types formed on the border of races - Ethiopian, Ainu, South Siberian and others. Active settlements and conquests of Europeans intensified the process of mixing and migration. Most of the mestizo population is in South and North America. In particular, almost all African Americans are not pure Negroids, but mulattoes. To suppress xenophobia, in such societies public organizations promote a negative attitude towards racial segregation.

A white man. Ancient humanity, represented by the early tropical populations of Homo (Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, etc.), was probably darkly pigmented. Dark skin, hair and eyes were also migrants from Africa, who gave rise to the main part of modern humanity of the Homo sapiens species. Pigment loss occurred only on the outskirts of the range. The combination of light skin, hair and iris in the "pre-Columbian" era was only a small fraction of the world's population, concentrated in the White Sea-Baltic "belt of blondes". However, the settlement of gigantic territories North America and the north of Eurasia led to an increase in the range and population of people of the Caucasoid type. Currently, this population is declining due to lower birth rates in white families and mixing with blacks who carry dominant genes.

Racial differences. Each race in its own way is better adapted to survive in specific conditions: the Eskimos in the Arctic deserts, and the Nilotic - in the savannahs. However, in the era of civilization, such opportunities appear for representatives of all races. However, the facts relating to racial physiology still have an impact on people's lives.

Mixed forms between the Asian branch of the Mongoloids and the Australoids

Mixed forms between Caucasian and Negroid major races

Mixed forms between Caucasoid and Australoid major races

Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the American branch of the Mongoloids

Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the Asian branch of the Mongoloids

Negroid (African) races

Mongoloid (Asian-American) races

Caucasoid (Eurasian) races

  • northern forms
    • Atlanto-Baltic
    • White Sea-Baltic
  • Transitional (intermediate) forms
    • Alpine
    • Central European
    • Eastern European
  • southern forms
    • mediterranean
    • Indo-Afghan
    • Balkan-Caucasian
    • Western Asian (Armenoid)
    • Pamir-Fergana
  • Asian branch of the Mongoloid races
    • Continental Mongoloids
      • North Asian
      • Central Asian
    • arctic race
    • Pacific Mongoloids
  • American races

Australoid (Oceanian) races

  • Veddoids
  • Australians
  • Papuans and Melanesians
  • Negritos
  • Black people
  • Negrilli (pygmies)
  • Bushmen and Hottentots
  • Central Asian groups
  • South Siberian race
  • Ural race and subural type
  • Laponoids and sublapanoid type
  • Mixed groups of Siberia
  • American mestizo
  • South Indian race
  • Ethiopian race
  • Mixed groups of Western Sudan
  • Mixed groups of Eastern Sudan
  • Mulattos
  • South African "colored"
  • South Asian (Malay) race
  • Japanese
  • East Indonesian group
  • Malagasy
  • Polynesians and Micronesians
  • Hawaiians and Pitcairns

Rasogenesis- the process of racial differentiation of mankind. The vast majority of modern racial types have been formed over the past two or three millennia.

92. List the factors of racial genesis. What is the difference in the action of natural selection during speciation and racial genesis? Are there "pure" races? What is the scientific failure of racism?

Factors of racial genesis, as well as factors of ontogenesis, can be combined into two groups: genotypic and environmental factors. The genotypic group of factors of racial genesis has its own well-established name - " hereditary variability». hereditary variability - the property of organisms to acquire new traits in the course of life and pass them on to offspring. The main factors of racial genesis are four factors: mutation , miscegenation , insulation and natural selection

Natural selection - according to Darwin, the "experience of the fittest" organisms. The mechanism of natural selection is simple. Individuals with certain qualities leave offspring, and individuals who do not have these qualities leave few or no offspring. For example, the population of the countries of the Asian region has an increased concentration of the “B” blood group, the “AB0” system, due to the fact that smallpox epidemics were quite common in these regions, and people with this group are less likely to get smallpox and tolerate it more easily.



“The main driving force behind the natural selection of living organisms is the struggle for existence. High reproduction rates, leading to a lack of means of life - food, shelters, etc., serve as prerequisites for the struggle for existence, during which some individuals die, and some survive, are selected. So, according to Darwin's calculations, if all the cubs that were born survived and reproduced, a pair of elephants - one of the slowest breeding mammals - would leave 19 million descendants in 750 years. One diatom with unhindered reproduction, it could cover the entire surface of the Earth with a film within a day and a half. However, this potential ability to reproduce is never fully realized in nature. Most of the emerging individuals do not live to adulthood and die in the process of the struggle for existence.

Absolutely pure races does not exist, but the Jews are without any doubt the purest race of all the civilized nations of the world. Racist theories divide humanity into "superior" and "inferior" races, suggesting that cultural, spiritual, and economic potential of this race. At the same time, it is argued that no external influences, social transformations can change the belonging of a race to one category or another, since this is a hereditary trait acquired as a result of evolution and fixed genetically. The Caucasian race is usually referred to as the "superior" race. According to the racist theory, it is she who is the highest product of evolution, who won the struggle for existence, and is called upon to effectively lead all the "lower" races for the benefit of mankind.

The main sciences that justified racism were social Darwinism and eugenics, which were most widespread in late XIX, early 20th century. Their supporters assumed that different races belonged to different types, or subspecies that, when crossed, give non-viable or mentally disabled offspring. These sciences were supported by the politicians of the imperialist countries in order to justify the colonial policy pursued by them in the economically weak developed countries. These pseudosciences reached their greatest development in the fascist countries - Germany, Italy, Japan.

Criticism of racism is based on several provisions. Firstly, the species unity of humanity is emphasized, the similarity of representatives of different races in terms of basic biologically significant features, as well as the insignificance of racial differences. All races produce viable and fertile offspring. The genetic distance between large races, determined by the frequency of mismatch of allelic genes, is only 0.03. This is much lower than the indicators typical for true subspecies (0.17–0.22), and even smaller compared to the interspecific distance (0.5–0.6). In the animal kingdom, a genetic distance of 0.03 usually corresponds to the genetic differences between adjacent populations living in similar conditions and separated only by distance.

The second proof, refuting the initial “inferiority” and cultural failure of the economically backward peoples and the constant superiority of the Caucasoid race, is provided by archeology and history. The degree of development of mental, creative and other abilities does not depend on the race and the time of existence of its representatives. At all times, cultures arose and disappeared that surpassed their neighbors in terms of the level of development of science, architecture, technology and art. At different times, advanced civilizations took shape in Babylon and Egypt, Greece and Rome. There is irrefutable evidence of the flourishing of the culture and power of the Aztec and Inca empires and many others. They enriched neighboring civilizations, at a certain stage there was a "leveling" of cultures until new progressive civilizations appeared.

93. What is meant by the constitutional types of people? What classifications of constitutional types do you know and how perfect are they?

With all the diversity of human personalities, there are three main constitutional types: endo-, ecto-, and mesomorphic. The endomorphic type is characterized by a powerful skeleton, a thick-set figure, a tendency to be overweight, to accumulate fat, which is very difficult to get rid of for its representatives. If fullness is not a consequence of illness or improper metabolism, but the result of “good appetite and good character,” it is not an obstacle to training: such fat men are strong, fast, agile, flexible and able to endure heavy loads. So one should not be discouraged about fullness, although it is necessary to fight with excess. People of an ectomorphic body type are thin-boned, without excess fat deposits, thin, with a pronounced muscle relief (if they are noticeable) and elongated proportions. They show abilities for various sports, especially those requiring endurance and moderate intensity, fine coordination, and dexterity. Exercises with weights, strength development and muscle gain are usually difficult for them (with the exception of the so-called "wiry" people, who sometimes find tremendous strength that is difficult to correlate with their appearance). The mesomorphic, or athletic, type is most proportional, subcutaneous fat within the normal range, muscular system well viewed, perceives and assimilates loads. Weight training actively affects the growth of muscle mass, training is easily tolerated, and recovery processes are normal. It is easy for such people to “sculpt” their figure and achieve other athletic goals. The constitution is a set of functional and morphological features organism, formed on the basis of hereditary and acquired properties, which determine the originality of the body's reaction to external and internal stimuli. In fact, the constitution of a person is the genetic potential of a person, the product of heredity and the environment that realizes hereditary potential. Of the environmental factors, under the influence of which the features of the constitution are realized (socio-economic conditions, nutrition, past illnesses, occupations physical education and sports), especially in childhood and adolescence

Reflexive constitution - genetic memory (embryonic developmental path), immune memory (of past diseases), neural memory (memory fixed by neurons).

The genotypic constitution is the original "hereditary passport" (genomic characteristic, human chromosome system) that determines the regenerative abilities of our morphology (for example, wound healing).

The phenotypic constitution is a traditional (and sometimes the only) idea of ​​​​a person’s constitution, based on the hereditary structure of his musculoskeletal “portrait” (according to modern terminology, these are ectomorphs, mesomorphs, endomorphs, different types asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic constitutions). According to V.P. Petlenko, 5 constitutional types (variants of the norm) are distinguished: 1) normosthenic, 2) hypersthenic, 3) hyposthenic (asthenic) 4) graceful (small, proportional, graceful) 5) athletic type. Most often, these types are variable, that is, it is rarely possible to isolate a pure type in practice.

Somatic constitution - body features. Somatotype - body type - determined on the basis of anthropometric measurements (somatotyping), genotypically determined, constitutional type, characterized by the level and peculiarity of metabolism (the predominant development of muscle, adipose or bone tissue), a tendency to certain diseases, as well as psychophysiological differences.

The immune constitution is a globulin defense system based on the “antigen-antibody” mechanism that determines the nature and intensity of immunological reactions (“normal” or allergic, pathological) that ensure the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis), or its pathology.

The neural constitution is a state of neurological reactivity that determines the basic foundations of learning, the acquisition of knowledge; it is the basic basis of the emotions and volitional processes that determine our health and our neurological symptoms.

The psychological constitution determines the psychological type of personality, its character and temperament.

The lymphohematological constitution is the features of the lymph flow and the blood type, which are of a genomic, constitutional nature and determine the intensity of the body's metabolism and energy.

The hormonal-sexual constitution characterizes an essential moment in all human behavioral reactions. Sexual behavior is determined by the interaction of certain brain structures with sex hormones (androgens in male sexual behavior and estrogens in female sexual behavior).

94. What do you understand by the geographical variability of a person? Is there a difference between geographic and ecological human variability? What groups of people do you know that have arisen as a result of ecological variability? EOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY - species, differences between spatially separated populations of a species.

They are located at the geographical junctions of large races. On the territory of Russia there are 2 such races:

Ural small race forms the basis of the anthropological type of the peoples of the Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, some Volga peoples, as well as the peoples of Altai. Representatives of the Ural race are similar to representatives of the Laponoid race, but are somewhat larger and have some Mongoloid features. The skin is predominantly light. The hair is dark and dark blond, straight and broadly wavy, often soft. Eye color is predominantly mixed and dark shades, although there is a small percentage of light. The nose is straight or with a concave back, the tip is raised. Lips of medium thickness. The tertiary hairline is weakened. Body length is average and below average.

South Siberian small race concentrated in the steppes of Kazakhstan, the mountainous regions of the Tien Shan and Altai. Widespread among Kazakhs and Kirghiz. It is a variant of mixing the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races. The beginning of the formation of the South Siberian race is precisely established - this is the middle of the first millennium BC, when there was a mixture of Caucasoids and Mongoloids in this part of Eurasia. The skin color is dark and light. Pigmentation of hair and eyes is close to Ural, but a little darker. The nose is straight and sometimes with a convex back.

Ethiopian race localized in East Africa and is a product of a mixture of Caucasians and ancient Afro-Negroids. Skin color varies within various brown shades. Dark hair and eyes. Hair is usually curly, narrowly wavy. The tertiary hairline is weakened. The nose is usually straight, with a high bridge of nose and not wide. The face is narrow, the lips are of medium thickness. The body length is average and above average, the physique is dolichomorphic. This race is common in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Sudan.

Dravidian or South Indian the race is located at the junction of the southern Caucasians and Veddoids in South India. Brownish skin. The eyes and hair are dark. The hair is straight and wavy.

Ainu, or Kuril race, currently occupies the island of Hokkaido. The origin is not exactly known. Skin color is dark. The hair is dark, coarse, wavy. The eyes are light brown. The tertiary hairline, especially on the face, is very strong, making up the world maximum (some groups of the Balkan-Caucasian m.r.). The face is low and broad, slightly flattened. The nose, mouth and ears are large, the lips are full. The body length is small, the neck is short, the arms are quite long, and the legs are relatively short. The physique is massive. The origin of the Kuril race is not exactly known. Some anthropologists distinguish it as a separate large race.

Polynesian minor race common on the islands Pacific Ocean and in New Zealand. The skin is swarthy, sometimes rather light, yellowish. Hair is dark, wavy or straight. The eyes are dark. The tertiary hairline on the body is weak, on the face is medium. The nose is moderately protruding and relatively wide. Lips are quite full. Large body sizes are characteristic, a euryplastic type of constitution is very common.

The origin of the Polynesian minor race is not exactly known. It is classified either as a Caucasoid, or a Mongoloid, or an Australoid race. Some anthropologists believe that it occurred as a result of the mixing of all three large races. And there is also an opinion (Bunak) that this is a kind of pan-neicum group.

human race

Race- a system of human populations characterized by similarity in a complex of certain hereditary biological traits. The traits that characterize different races often appear as a result of adaptation to different environmental conditions that has taken place over many generations.

Racial science, in addition to these problems, also studies the classification of races, the history of their formation and such factors of their occurrence as selective processes, isolation, mixing and migration, the influence of climatic conditions and the general geographical environment on racial characteristics.

Racial science was especially widespread in National Socialist Germany, Fascist Italy and other Western European countries, as well as earlier in the USA (Ku Klux Klan), where it served as a justification for institutionalized racism, chauvinism and anti-Semitism.

Sometimes racial science is confused with ethnic anthropology - the latter, strictly speaking, refers only to the study of the racial composition of individual ethnic groups, i.e. tribes, peoples, nations, and the origin of these communities.

In that part of racial research that is aimed at studying ethnogenesis, anthropology conducts research in conjunction with linguistics, history, and archeology. When studying driving forces racial anthropology comes into close contact with genetics, physiology, zoogeography, climatology, general theory speciation. The study of races in anthropology is important for solving many problems. It is important for resolving the issue of the ancestral home of man. modern look, the use of anthropological material as historical source, highlighting the problems of systematics, mainly small systematic units, knowledge of the patterns of population genetics, clarification of some issues of medical geography.

Racial studies studies the geographical variations in the physical type of people, without taking into account linguistic and cultural isolation. And ethnic anthropology studies what racial variants and anthropological types are inherent in a given ethnic group, people. For example, to set into which groups is divided indigenous people Volga-Kama region, to identify their generalized portraits, average height, pigmentation level - this is the task of the racial expert. And to recreate the appearance and trace the possible genetic connections of the Khazars is the task of an ethnic anthropologist.

Modern division into races

There are many opinions on how many races can be distinguished within the species Homo sapiens.

Studies of classical anthropology show that there are two trunks - eastern and western, equally distributing the six races of humanity. The division into three races - "white", "yellow" and "black" - is an outdated position. For all their outward dissimilarity, the races of one trunk are connected by a greater commonality of genes and ranges than neighboring races. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, there are about 30 human races (racial-anthropological types), united in three groups of races, which are called "great races". However, in non-scientific literature, the term “race” is still applied to large races, and the races themselves are called “subraces”, “subgroups”, etc. It is worth noting that the races themselves (small races) are divided into subraces, and there is no consensus regarding the belonging of certain sub-races to certain races (minor races). In addition, different anthropological schools use different names for the same races.

Western stem

Caucasoids

The natural range of Caucasoids is Europe to the Urals, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Hindustan. Includes Nordic, Mediterranean, Falian, Alpine, East Baltic, Dinaric and other subgroups. It differs from other races primarily in the strong profiling of the face. The rest of the features vary widely.

negroids

Natural range - Central, West and East Africa. Characteristic differences are curly hair, dark skin, dilated nostrils, thick lips, etc. An eastern subgroup stands out (Nilotic type, tall, narrowly built) and a western subgroup (Negro type, round-headed, medium height). A group of pygmies (Negrillian type) stands apart.

pygmies

Pygmies compared to a man of average height

The natural range of the pygmies is the western part of Central Africa. Height from 144 to 150 cm for adult males, skin is light brown, hair is curly, dark, lips are relatively thin, large torso, arms and legs are short, this physical type can be classified as a special race. The possible number of pygmies can range from 40 to 200 thousand people.

Capoids, Bushmen

Caucasoid (Eurasian) races

Northern forms Atlanto-Baltic White Sea-Baltic Transitional (intermediate) forms Alpine Central European Eastern European Southern forms Mediterranean Indo-Afghan Balkan-Caucasian Western Asian (Armenoid) Pamir-Fergana Mongoloid (Asiatic-American) races

Asian branch of the Mongoloid races Continental Mongoloids North Asian Central Asian Arctic race Pacific Mongoloids American races

Australoid (Oceanian) races

Veddoids Australians Ainu Papuans and Melanesians Negritos Negroid (African) races

Negros Negrilli (Pygmies) Bushmen and Hottentots Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the Asian branch of the Mongoloids

Central Asian groups South Siberian race Uralic race and Sub-Ural type Laponoids and sub-Lapanoid type Mixed groups of Siberia Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the American branch of the Mongoloids

American mestizo Mixed forms between the Caucasoid and Australoid big races

South Indian race Mixed forms between the Caucasoid and Negroid major races

Ethiopian race Mixed groups of Western Sudan Mixed groups of Eastern Sudan Mulattos South African "colored" Mixed forms between the Asian branch of the Mongoloids and the Australoids

South Asian (Malay) race Japanese East Indonesian group Other mixed racial forms

Malagasy Polynesians and Micronesians Hawaiians and Pitcairnians

Idaltu

Idaltu (lat. Homo sapiens idaltu) is one of the most ancient races of modern people. The Idaltu inhabited the territory of Ethiopia. The approximate age of the found person Idaltu is 160 thousand years.

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