Many applicants are shocked by the thought of testing in the history of Belarus, but is it really that difficult? the site will tell you how to prepare for such a voluminous exam and.
Early start - almost a victory
How to prepare for exams
Fearing a large amount of information, many students put off the start of preparation on the back burner, which is not worth doing. The following principle applies in this case: the earlier the better. However, if you are already in the 11th grade, then do not rush to get upset, because a year may be enough for you. In this case, it’s worth starting in August-September, because later you may not have time to grab important points.Your own teacher
When you start preparing for any subject, you wonder about self-preparation. Is it possible to independently understand the dates and events? Undoubtedly! To do this, you will need serious motivation, diligence, willpower, a plan and a reserve of strength for systematic work. It is worth stocking up with a set of school textbooks, the program of the Ministry of Education for preparing for the Central heating and all kinds of tests.
It is very important to work systematically, adhering to the program, because every day you will have to confront your biggest enemy - laziness. If you manage to overcome yourself, you are already a winner.Maxim Tyutenkov, student of the Institute of Journalism of Belarusian State University:
The best tutor is yourself. It's up to you how you learn the material. And tutors should be in the background, as an auxiliary resource.
"Bison!" they shouted
Preparing for CT
It is important for every applicant to know that in history there is no list of “especially important” topics for memorization. History is like a wall. If you pull out a brick, then everything will collapse. Therefore, it is necessary to study the event in development - to know specific facts, names, dates. Don't forget to read the cards and celebrate significant cultural achievements. At the same time, you should not reduce everything to memorization!
Oksana Koltan, teacher of the educational center "100 points":
Memorization is the worst option. You can only remember what you understand. It is important to understand the tendencies of historical and social science development and processes. Questions “what?”, “where?”, “when?” nobody canceled. But more importantly, why? In any case, this is the most important question for history and social science.
In my opinion, preparation should be serious, systematic work. It's good if you have a teacher to consult with.
And how to effectively memorize the material without memorizing entire paragraphs of the textbook? The best option is visualization.
Visualization is like a movie in your head
Each of us while reading fiction, some images appear in our heads. Why not do the same for a history textbook? Read it like a fairy tale, not a boring manual. If, reading about the enslavement of the peasants, you come up with a plot for yourself, then it will immediately be deposited in your memory.
Be an artist
If it is vital for you to remember a portrait of a historical figure, for example, Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev, then you can draw it! Make sketches with the distinctive features of a person(an unusual shape of the nose or very small eyes), then you will remember exactly how it looks. Don't dismiss this idea, even if you don't consider yourself Leonardo da Vinci. Playful drawings can help even more than a detailed portrait.
Pencil, ruler and scissors
Are the previous tips not for you? Don't rush to put down your pencil anyway. Maybe you want to look at flash cards and spreadsheets? Such short notes, especially if they are written by hand, are remembered with a bang! You can find good tables and diagrams in N. S. Sharova’s “Reference Notes”. Redraw them in your notebook, adjusting the information for yourself along the way. So everything is remembered much better.
Definitions, dates, causes of events and even portraits can be effectively remembered with the help of special flash cards, on which you write a question on one side and an answer on the other. And with the help of the Quizlet app, you can make such cards right on your smartphone.
Remember that the most important resource is yourself (s) and your desire to achieve your goal. Try to approach the issue in your own way and you will succeed. Good luck with testing!
History of Belarus:
The difficulty of preparing for the Central Television on the history of Belarus lies in the fact that it is necessary to assimilate a huge layer of material. This is a large number of dates and events. At school, the study of the material takes 6 classes, and applicants strive to learn it in only the 11th. In order to simplify the assimilation of some topics, today I will give you a couple of tips:
[Tip 1 Remember who and when was our enemy]
It is important to remember in what periods we had wars and with whom. For example, until the beginning of the 13th century, the main rivals were the Tatars and the Crusaders, and in the 14th century, the Moscow Principality joined them. At the very beginning of the 15th century, we defeated the crusaders near Grunwald, and you can forget about the Germans until 1914. In the 16th century, the Tatars practically stopped their raids, but the wars with Russian state go constantly. In the XVII century we are at war with the Swedes, the Cossacks, and all the same Russia. The 18th century also passed under the sign of confrontation with Sweden and interference in our internal affairs of Russia. Well, the internal "disassembly" of the gentry is attached. XIX century (as an independent part we no longer exist) therefore we are concentrating all our forces on uprisings against Russia. French troops are still passing through us, but not everything is so simple with them. The gentry supported them, and everyone else did not care. Who robbed the peasants, he sometimes received from them. In the 20th century, we were persecuted by the Germans, but I'm sure you already know this very well.
If you remember who and when fought with us, then many answers about wars will be very easy for you to give simply by the method of elimination;
[Tip 2Belarus is a poor relative in the Russian Empire]
It is important to understand that the economic development of the Belarusian lands within the Russian Empire (XIX century and early XX) was characterized by a low economic level. Accordingly, if the task is evaluative in nature, you should never choose those related to high rates and some active modernization processes on the territory of Belarus at that time. The first factories appeared only in the 1820s, but their number was small. And our lands specialized in the processing of local raw materials;
[Hint 3 All rebellionsXIXcentury for independence]
The goal of all uprisings against Russia (1794, 1830/31 and 1863/64) has always been one event: the revival of the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772. There were always their additions and features, depending on the currents, but the main goal always remained the same;
[Hint 4Understand the BSSR
]
There is a very interesting life hack on the history of the BSSR. And you can very easily answer about 60-70% of the questions related to the course of 10 and 11 classes. And this, by the way, is 2 whole years of the school program. So, "sleight of hand and no cheating":
The entire period of the history of the BSSR can be divided into 2 parts:
1. All the rest of the time between NEP and perestroika (1925-1985).
2.NEP (1921-1925 and perestroika 1985-1991);
There is little chance of your mistake if, when solving tests about range 1925 – 1985 you will be guided by the following logic:
The Soviet period is significantly different from the generally accepted norms today. Therefore, you can safely play antonyms. Democracy? Then in the USSR it is the lack of democracy and everything connected with it (alternative elections, etc.). There is, however, a trap - perhaps the answer is "the presence of signs of democracy." There were such in the USSR, but they remained only signs: controlled public organizations, simulation of elections;
Let's pick up more antonyms: is freedom of speech a value of a democratic society? Of course! Then in the USSR we do not choose this;
Pluralism of opinions and multi-party system? In the USSR there was only one party and only it could have power - the Communist Party;
Market economy and private business is the engine of economic development. As always, in the USSR we choose the opposite. For example, only the state owned all the means of production, and a person could not open his own shop or company.
What is the logic about NEP and Perestroika?
And here it is already necessary to choose what is close to us. With slight deviations and nuances (especially according to the NEP), one can think in terms of today. Officially stated in textbooks, of course;)
[Tip 5 Remember the simple logic of war as well]
If we are talking about the Great Patriotic War, then here you can simply logically put yourself in the place of the leadership or simply the inhabitants of the country that was attacked. For example, when could be createdfirstpartisan units? Naturally, at the very beginning of the war, when these detachments began to organize both party leaders and soldiers who escaped from the encirclement. When would you decide to create the Headquarters of the Supreme Command? Also immediately at the beginning of the attack on you to repel the invaders and structure the defense of the country. When was the capture of Minsk? Also, of course, in 1941. And just a week later. Therefore, you will already know that these events will be the first in the chronology. And such tasks are quite common. It usually ends with Operation Bagration to liberate Belarus or the third stage of the “rail war”, which was carried out by partisans and was organized in support of offensive operation. In the middle, we will have events related to the occupation;
[Tip 6 Divide the history of modern Belarus into 2 stages]
Answering questions about the modern Republic of Belarus is also easy. The following logic applies:
The period of the history of Belarus after 1995 will be characterized only by the best answers, which are pleasing to the ear of the average Belarusian. That is, everything is positive. But in the period 1991-1994, it is necessary to choose something worse, for example, the depreciation of household deposits or a decrease in purchasing power. Follow this formula and you won't go wrong.
[Tip 7 Mindfulness, Mindfulness, and Only Mindfulness]
And finally, about typical mistake, which is not related to ownership of the material.Read assignments carefully.Traps are often hidden in tests - so read the entire task in full and highlight key words. Then carefully review all the answers. Do not rush to answer the first answer that comes across. Read and analyze them all.
Alexander Lutsevich, professional tutor in the History of Belarus.
1. List the groups of sources from which we study history. Written(legislative acts, statistical materials, office documentation, population registration acts, documents of legal origin, periodicals, reference literature, materials of personal origin), real, oral, linguistic,ethnographic sources : film and photographic documents.
2. matriarchy -(from the Latin mater, the genitive case matris - mother and the Greek arche - beginning, power; literally - female power), one of the forms of social structure during the period of decomposition of the tribal system and the transition to a class society. The main features of matriarchy: the dominant position of women in society, matrilineality of inheritance of property and positions, matrilocality or dislocality of the marriage settlement. For the first time, the period of matriarchy was singled out by I. Bachofen based on the analysis of ancient classical myths. Matriarchy is historically reconstructed among some peoples of Tibet, in Ancient Egypt and other states of antiquity. Remnants of matriarchy are preserved among the Minangkabau (Sumatra Island), some peoples of Micronesia and others. Sometimes the term "matriarchy" is inaccurately used to refer to the maternal-tribal system as a whole or the period of its heyday.
3. Patriarchy - from the Greek pater - father and archo - I rule, rule; literally - paternal power), the most common: a form of primitive communal relations during their collapse, characterized by the predominant role of men in the household, social family. The transition to patriarchy took place in the course of a significant development of productive forces and an increase in labor productivity in all types of primitive communal economy: in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. The development of production led to the growth of exchange and the emergence of private property. Almost everywhere there was a displacement by a man of a woman from the sphere of the main production and the restriction of her labor mainly to domestic work. Patriarchy is also characterized by paternal kinship (patrilineality), the loss of the economic unity of the clan while maintaining the remaining elements of the community of relatives, the transition from pair marriage to monogamy, the settlement of the wife in the husband's community (patrilocal marriage) and the formation of large patriarchal families.
4. primitive society - the first socio-economic formation in the history of mankind . It covers the time from the appearance of the very first people to the emergence of a class society. The members of society were in the same relation to the means of production, and, accordingly, the method of obtaining a share of the social product was the same for everyone, which is why the use of the term “primitive communism” to designate it is connected. From the following stages of public
5. development, this system is distinguished by the absence of private property, classes and the state.
6. Paganism(from the Church Slavonic "tongues" - peoples, foreigners), the designation of non-Christian religions, in a broad sense - polytheistic. In modern science, the term "polytheism" ("polytheism") is more often used. Slavic pagan gods personified the elements of nature: Perun - the thunderer, Dazhbog - the god of the sun. Along with them, lower demons were revered - goblin, brownies. After the adoption in the X century. Christianity (see Baptism of Russia), pagan gods in folk beliefs were identified with Christian saints (Perun - Ilya the prophet, Veles, patron of cattle, - Blasius, etc.), Paganism was forced out by the official church into the area of \u200b\u200bfolk culture, on the other hand - the main pagan holidays (Maslenitsa and others) were included in the number of Christian holidays.
7. Veche - National Assembly in Russia in the 10th - early 16th centuries. It resolved issues of war and peace, summoned and expelled princes, adopted laws, concluded agreements with other lands, etc. According to V.L. Yanin, in Novgorod consisted of a narrow circle of boyars and wealthy people. In North-Eastern Russia, it was ruled by the grand duke's power.
8. Prince - the head of a feudal monarchical state or a separate political entity (specific k.) in the 9th-16th centuries. among the Slavs and some other peoples; representative of the feudal aristocracy; later - a title of nobility. Initially, K. was a tribal leader who headed the organs of military democracy. Then K. gradually became the head of the early feudal state. Princely power, at first most often elected, gradually becomes hereditary (Rurikovich in Russia, Gediminoviches and Jagiellons in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Piasts in Poland, Přemyslids in the Czech Republic, etc.). K., who were the heads of large feudal state formations in Russia and Lithuania, are called grand dukes (in some countries, for example, in Poland, the Czech Republic, K. - the heads of feudal monarchies, adopted the title of kings).
9. Druzhina a detachment of warriors united around a tribal leader, then a prince, a privileged stratum of society. Armed detachments led by princes in Ancient Russia participated in wars, the management of the principality, the personal household of the prince. They were divided into “senior” (the most noble and close persons - “princely men”) and “younger” - “gridi” and “lads”.
10. List the tribes Eastern Slavs on the territory of Belarus and where they settled - There is no clear generally accepted opinion among researchers on the formation of tribal unions, which formed the basis of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian ethnic groups. Some suggest that as a result of the intensive development of the territory of Belarus by the Slavs, where the Balts used to live, in the VIII - IX centuries. formed ethnically close to each other tribal unions: Krivichi (North of Belarus), Dregovichi (South of Belarus), Radimichi (East of Belarus), partly Volhynians. On their basis, the Old Belarusian ethnos was formed. The Yotvingians and some other Baltic tribes took part in its formation.
The ancestors of the Eastern Slavs, who settled in the Pripyat Polissya, assimilated the Baltic tribes. As a result, on the territory occupied by the Dnieper Balts, East Slavic tribes Dregovichi, Krivichi, Radimichi are the ancestors of modern Belarusians. In the territory where the Iranian tribes used to live, the Polans, Drevlyans, Northerners, Volhynians settled - the ancestors of modern Ukrainians. The assimilation of the Finougor tribes led to the emergence of the Novgorod Slavs, Vyatichi, and partially the Upper Volga Krivichi - the ancestors of modern Russians.
Proponents of a different point of view imagine this picture somewhat differently. Firstly, they believe that the supporters of the above hypothesis exaggerate the role of the Balts in the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians. Another thing, they note, is the Middle Ponemanye, where the Balts made up a significant part of the population as early as the beginning of the 2nd millennium. In the Slavicization of these lands, a significant role belongs to the Volynians, Dregovichi, and to a lesser extent, the Drevlyans and Krivichi. They admit that the basis of the old Belarusian ethnos was the Krivichi, Dregovichi, Radimichi, and to a lesser extent, the Volhynians, most of whom participated in the ethnogenesis of the Ukrainians. They prove that just as part of the Volynians took part in the formation of Belarusians, so did part of the Dregovichi in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. Radimichi equally participated in the formation of Belarusians and one of the groups of the Russian ethnos. The Krivichi played a big role not only in the formation of the Belarusians, but also in the formation of the northwestern part of the Russian ethnos.
11. Name the year of the first mention of Polotsk– The first mention of Polotsk in written sources (“The Tale of Bygone Years”) dates back to 862. It arose on the right bank of the Polota River. From the name of this river, he got his name. Initially, Polotsk was a settlement. Its area was about 1 ha. The settlement was fortified. In the 10th century, a detinets was built on the site of the ancient settlement, and small settlements around it, where the handicraft and agricultural population lived, gradually turned into settlements. Detinets was the residence of the prince. The settlement grew. The new fortified center of Polotsk was much larger than the former one. Its area was about 10 hectares.
12. Name the year of the adoption of Christianity in Russia. the introduction of Christianity in the Greek Orthodox form as the state religion (the end of the 10th century) and its spread (the 11th-12th centuries) in Ancient Russia. The first Christian among the princes of Kyiv was Princess Olga. The adoption of Christianity in Russia was begun by Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, who converted to Orthodoxy, in 988-89. First, the people of Kiev were baptized, then the people of Novgorod. In the XI century. Christianity spread in cities and suburbs, by the XIII century. the rural population was also baptized. The baptism of Russia contributed to the strengthening of statehood, the consolidation of the Slavic, Baltic, Finno-Ugric and other tribes, the development of culture, the creation of monuments of writing, art, and architecture. The 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Russia was celebrated in 1988.
13. Who is Euphrosyne of Polotsk?(in the world of Predslava) (c. 1110 - c. 1169), princess of Polotsk, nun, founder of the Polotsk Spaso-Evfrosiniev monastery. I was engaged in the correspondence of books. According to legend, in 1167 she undertook a pilgrimage to Constantinople and Jerusalem, during which she died. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
14. Name the first prince of ON RIL. Mindovg, who ruled from the mid-1230s. until 1263 (from 1253 king). The capital of his state was the city of Novogorodok (Novogrudok).
16. What is the essence of the Kreva Union? FROM the announcement of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, according to which the Grand Duke Jagiello, having married the Polish Queen Jadwiga, was proclaimed the Polish king. K. at. was signed on August 14 in the castle of Kreva. Jagiello and his brothers undertook to accept Catholicism together with all subjects, annex the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Poland and contribute to the return of the lands lost by Poland. The union contributed to the unification of the forces of the Lithuanian, Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples in the struggle against the aggression of the Teutonic Order. However, K. at. met the interests of the Polish feudal lords, who sought to seize the Belarusian, Ukrainian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
17. Name the year of the Battle of Grunwald and between whom it took place July 15, 1410, the encirclement and defeat of the troops of the German Teutonic Order by the Polish-Belarusian-Russian army under the command of the Polish king Vladislav II Jagello (Jagiello) near the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg. The Battle of Grunwald put a limit to the advancement of the Teutonic Order to the East .
18. List the state authorities ON In the XV century. Vitovt created a new political and administrative system. Large vassal principalities were transformed into voivodeships, or povets. The Grand Duchy included six voivodships: Vilna, Trok, Kiev, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk and (since the 16th century) two starostvos - Zhemoytsky and Volynsky.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a monarchy headed by grand duke. The prince was elected by the nobility from among the representatives of the princely dynasty. Grand Duke commanded the armed forces, in his name legislative acts were issued and the court was decided. He was in charge of diplomatic relations with other countries, the declaration of war and peace. He appointed to public positions and disposed of state property. Under the Grand Duke, the gentlemen glad, which included persons holding the highest government posts, members of the grand ducal family and representatives of the wealthiest influential families. A narrow circle of persons from the members of the Rada closest to the prince made up the front, or secret Rada. Initially, the council was an advisory body, but as the economic and political role of the feudal nobility grew, it turned into a body that, together with the prince, exercised legislative, executive and judicial power.
At the beginning of the XV century. (1401) a new body of state power began to operate - general (general) diet, which included pans - glad, numerous official persons of the central and local state apparatus, the entire gentry could attend its meetings. From the middle16th century rampart diet consisted of the State Council, which became known as Senate, and from district ambassadors - deputies who made up Embassy hut.
The functions of the executive power were carried out by: the chancellor, who kept the state seal and was in charge of the central office; the hetman, who, in the absence of the Grand Duke, commanded the army during the war; zemstvo treasurer, who was in charge of the state treasury. There were also a number of positions at court, more honorary than real. This is a court marshal, a bowler, a steward, a stableman, a swordsman, etc.
In charge of local authorities in the voivodeships governor. His deputies were castellan, who commanded military units in the voivodship, as well as commander who was in charge of the office. mayor was responsible for the repair and strengthening of the voivodship castle, key keeper looked after the collection of taxes, etc. In povets, he was at the head of the administration headman, in cities - Voight. The village administration was represented tiuns, centurions, elders and etc.
The basis of the Grand Duke's army was general militia, the so-called "Commonwealth collapse". All men who owned land were liable for military service. From his land holdings, the gentry had to put up an armed and trained warrior: one from eight services (one service - about two peasant farms).
The highest court in the state was grand ducal court, as well as the court of the lords - and the Seimas are happy. In 1581 was created Grand Tribunal ON who dealt with the most important affairs of state. On the ground, there was a general castle (city) court, which considered the criminal cases of the gentry, burghers and peasants. The affairs of the gentry, princes and boyars considered zemstvo court. Handled land litigation Podkomorskiy court. In the cities that had the Magdeburg Law, there were voitovsko-shop and burmister courts. continued to function in the villages cop and communal court. The serfs were judged by the landowners. In the XIV - XV centuries. there was a transition from customary to written law. An important step in this direction was the unification of criminal, administrative and procedural law in Casimir's Sudebnik (1468). The pinnacle of systematization and codification of the norms of feudal law, the first national collection was the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529), which then received the second (1566) and third (1588) editions. This document had no equal in Europe.
19. What is Protestantism? One of the main directions in Christianity (along with Catholicism and Orthodoxy). It arose in Europe during the Reformation - a broad anti-Catholic movement of the 16th century. Protestantism shares common Christian ideas about the trinity of God, the immortality of the soul, hell and heaven (unlike Catholicism, it rejects purgatory), about revelation, etc. Protestantism put forward three new principles: salvation by personal faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the only source of doctrine is the Bible. Protestantism does not recognize the clergy as a mediator endowed with grace between God and people, it rejects monasticism. The communities of believers are led by elected priests. Of the sacraments, Protestantism recognizes only baptism and communion, worship is extremely simplified (sermon, prayer and singing of psalms and hymns in the native language).
20. What is the difference between Orthodoxy and Catholicism? On July 16, 1054, a group of papal ambassadors brought to Constantinople in the Hagia Sophia the decree of Pope Leo IX on the excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius from the Church. From that moment on, the heads of the Catholic and Orthodox churches ceased to recognize each other.
The main differences in doctrine: 1. The legal principle of salvation (among the Latins), which is absent from the ancient church. 2. Overreverence, so-called. The Pope of Rome (by the way, whoever does not honor him with the Catholics is anathematized). 3. Distortion in the Creed, which falls under the anathema of II and III Ecumenical Councils. 4. Teachings about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary by Joachim and Anna (the parents of the Virgin) .5. The doctrine of purgatory. 6. Ritual. This list can be continued, but the most important difference is in the spiritual life, in prayer. The Orthodox Church does not recognize meditation and sensual prayer states, considering them extremely dangerous (from the evil one), Catholics welcome them.
21. Name the main reason for the start of the Livonian War. Who was it between? 1558-1583 Russia against the Livonian Order of Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 - the Commonwealth) for the territories of the Livonian Order and access to the Baltic Sea. It ended with the signing of the Yam-Zapolsky and Plyussky truces, which were unfavorable for Russia.
22. Name the year of the adoption of the Union of Lublin. On July 1, 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland united into a federal state - the Commonwealth with a common monarch and the Sejm. .
23. What is the essence of the Union of Lublin?. In accordance with the act of union, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united into one state - Commonwealth. A single sovereign was supposed to be elected at the general Sejm, proclaiming him the King of Poland, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russian, Prussian, Mazowiecki, Zhemoytsky, Kyiv, Volyn, Podlyashsky and Inflyantsky. The separate election of the Grand Duke of Lithuania was terminated. The rights of the Poles in the principality and the inhabitants of the principality in Poland were equalized. General diets were provided to discuss national affairs. The Union of Lublin severely limited the sovereignty of the principality, but did not completely eliminate its statehood. It retained its army, the judicial system, the administrative apparatus, the seal with the Pursuit. Both parts of the Commonwealth had independent names until the end of the 17th century. - state languages. In the principality, this was Belarusian.
24. What are the goals pursued by the Kingdom of Poland concluding the Union of Lublin. As a result of the Union of Lublin, Poland received great opportunities for pursuing a great-power policy towards the population of the Grand Duchy. The policy of the Commonwealth on planting Catholicism on the Belarusian lands and carrying out Polonization supplemented the differentiation of the Belarusian society with ethno-religious disintegration. Polonization processes led to separation from the Belarusian ethnic community of its intelligentsia, the upper strata, which made it difficult to form and develop a single people. It was difficult to resist these phenomena. The Senate of the Commonwealth consisted mainly of Polish representatives. In the Sejm, where out of one hundred and eighty ambassadors, only forty-six accounted for the Grand Duchy, of which thirty-four were for Belarusian povets.
Along with political restrictions, the Belarusian gentry also felt economic restrictions. She could not receive land in those regions that were annexed to Poland. The Polish gentry began to actively use the right to acquire estates in the principality.
25. Name the year of the adoption of the Berestey Church Union. — In 1596, a Council of Belarusian-Ukrainian Orthodoxy was held in Brest. It was attended by representatives of two Orthodox patriarchs, Constantinople and Alexandria. The cathedral split into two parts. One was made up of supporters of the union, headed by the Catholic Archbishop of Lvov Sulikovsky. The second part consisted of the Orthodox, who did not agree with the union. They were headed by Lviv Eastern Bishop Gideon Balaban. The Orthodox Council did not sit in a church, but in a private house, since Bishop Patsey, to whose diocese Brest belonged, forbade the opponents of the union to be allowed into the city churches. The Uniates defrocked the bishops and excommunicated those of them who were opposed, and the Orthodox did the same with regard to the Uniates. The Pope and the government of the Commonwealth considered the union to have taken place.
26. What is the essence of the Union of Berestey? Under the terms of the union, the Orthodox Church was subordinate to the Pope of Rome, adopted Catholic dogma, while retaining the Orthodox ritual. The new faith separated from the Orthodox and did not merge with Catholicism. This was her specialty. The Brest Church Union was called upon to lay the foundation for the unification of the peoples of Poles and Belarusians, Catholics and Orthodox. Nevertheless, the adoption of the church union complicated the socio-political situation in Belarus. It contributed to a more active penetration of Polish religious and cultural influence, which ultimately led to the decline of the Belarusian-speaking culture.
27. Folvark -(folwark, from German Vorwerk - farm), the name of the landowner's economy, in the narrow sense of the word - the lord's plow. The farmstead system of feudal economy (in Belarus and some other countries of Central and Eastern Europe) was associated with corvee as the main form of feudal rent and was usually called the farmstead-corvee system. Insignificant before the 15th c. the landlord economy then grows at the expense of peasant allotments, communal and newly developed lands. In the 16th century A household that produces products for sale in the market (city or outside) becomes the main source of income for the feudal lord. With the establishment of capitalism, farming became the basis of large-scale farms.
28. List what concepts of the creation of the Belarusian nationality you know, give them a brief description. The concepts of the origin of the Belarusians widespread in the Russian Empire, if we do not take into account the “Great Poland” and “Great Russian”, suggested two main options for the formation of the Belarusian ethnic group: on the one hand, on the basis of the annalistic tribes of the Eastern Slavs - the Krivichi, Radimichi and Dregovichi (V. Antonovich, I. Belyaev, A. Sapunov), and, on the other hand, with the active participation of the Baltic and Finno-Ugric ethnic component (N. Kostomarov, M. Lyubavsky, P. Golubovsky). Chronologically, the formation of Belarusians, as a rule, was attributed to the 13th-14th centuries - the time of the collapse Kievan Rus and the inclusion of East Slavic lands in other state-political formations. A different point of view regarding the chronology was expressed by N.I. Kostomarov, believing that already in the period of Kievan Rus, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians were finally formed into nationalities, and the most important ethnographic features of these peoples arose in an even earlier era. In the Soviet period, the central place in the problem of the origin of Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians was assigned to the "Old Russian people - the cradle of the three fraternal peoples." It is significant that it was after the publication in 1950 of the work of I. V. Stalin "Marxism and questions of linguistics" that the term "Old Russian nationality" was recognized as legitimate, and soon a textbook.
The extreme tendentiousness of the "Old Russian" concept manifested itself in a whole range of inconsistencies and contradictions, but adherence to these views became a kind of sign of the researcher's trustworthiness. Even small deviations from it were severely criticized. An example is the study of the ethnographer M. Ya. Grinblat “Belarusians. Essays on Origin and Ethnic History” (Minsk, 1968). The author, formally recognizing the existence of the period of the Old Russian nationality, nevertheless came to the conclusion about the primary role of the Krivichi, Dregovichi, Radimichi in this process. Such a "betrayal" by Greenblat in relation to the ancient Russian people is sharply criticized by Belarusian academic ethnography until now.
A turning point in the study of the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians was the concept of the archaeologist V. V. Sedov, which dealt a crushing blow to the basic postulates of the "Old Russian" theory. The researcher pointed out the obvious insufficiency of the facts of the socio-economic and political history when considering the problems of an ethno-cultural plan: “It is impossible to imagine that the East Slavic population began to pronounce soft “d” and “t” as “dz” and “ts”, the sound “r” - hard, and the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed “ a", "o", "e", "i" begins to differ ... only because it has become subject to the Lithuanian prince"
Despite the fact that the idea of the influence of the Balts on the formation of the Belarusian ethnos was expressed by S. Pleshcheev back in 1790, for the first time it received such a serious argument only in recent decades. Using the data of archeology, linguistics, ethnography and related disciplines, V. V. Sedov convincingly proved that the ethnic characteristics of the Belarusians were formed as a result of the assimilation of the Eastern Baltic tribes by the alien Slavs. This happened in the period from the 9th to the 13th century and led to the emergence of a number of substratum (accepted from the Balts) phenomena in the language (“zekanye”, hard “r”, akanye), material (pillar construction technique, elements of traditional costume) and spiritual culture ( cult of stone, veneration of snake)
Unfortunately, in the Belarusian scientific community there is still a kind of split in relation to the “Baltic concept”. While anthropologists, linguists and archaeologists for the most part recognize the essential role of the Balts in the origin of the Belarusians (the latter are considered as Slavicized Balts, the official Belarusian ethnography still considers Sedov's concept "built on inaccurate sources or their falsification", putting forward as an axiom “the fact that Eastern Slavic unity existed in Kievan Rus and Kyiv was the capital city of all the Eastern Slavs.” played a role only in the formation of such “proto-peoples” as the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi, and the latter, in turn, became an integral part of the “Old Russian people.” According to Pilipenko, the direct ancestors of the modern Belarusian ethnic group were two groups common to the eastern Slavs of the ethnic ancient Russian community (Russians, Rusichs) - "Polesskaya" ("Poleshukov ”), on the one hand, and “Podvinsk-Dnieper”, “Belarusian” (“Belarusians”), on the other”
29. Name the years of the Great Northern War. 1700-1721
30. What are the main reasons for the start of the Great Northern War? Who was it between? ( 1700-1721) Russia (as part of the Northern Union) with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. After the defeat near Narva (1700), Peter I reorganized the army, created Baltic Fleet. In 1701-04, Russian troops entrenched themselves on the coast Gulf of Finland, took Derpt, Narva and other fortresses. St. Petersburg was founded in 1703. In 1708, Swedish troops that invaded Belarusian territory were defeated near Lesnaya. The Battle of Poltava in 1709 ended with the complete defeat of the Swedes and the flight of Charles XII to Turkey. The Baltic Fleet won victories at Gangut (1714), Grengam (1720) and others. It ended with the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721.
31. Manufactory - Late Lat. manufactura, from lat. manus - hand and factura - production), a capitalist enterprise based on the division of labor and handicraft technology; 2nd, after simple capitalist cooperation, stage of development of capitalist industry, preceding large-scale machine industry. As a characteristic form of capitalist production, capitalism arose in the countries of Western Europe in the middle of the 16th century and dominated until the last third of the 18th century. The prerequisites for its emergence were created by the growth of handicrafts and commodity production and the resulting differentiation of small commodity producers, the appearance of workshops with hired workers, and the accumulation of monetary wealth as a result of the initial accumulation of capital. Mathematics arose in two ways: 1) the union by the capitalist in one workshop of artisans of diverse specialties, through whose hands the product must pass right up to its final production; 2) the association by the capitalist in a common workshop of artisans of the same specialty, each of whom continuously performs one and the same separate operation.
The development of manufactory production corresponded to 3 forms of M.: scattered, mixed and centralized. In scattered M., the entrepreneur, the owner of capital, bought up and sold the product of independent artisans and supplied them with raw materials and tools of production. The small producer was practically cut off from the market, relegated to the position of a hired worker who received wages but continued to work in his home workshop. Mixed M. combined the performance of individual operations in a centralized workshop with work at home. Similar M. arose, as a rule, on the basis of home handicraft. The most developed form was the centralized workshop, which united hired workers (expropriated rural handicraftsmen, bankrupt artisans in the cities, and peasants) in one workshop. Centralized M. were often planted by governments.
32. Name the reasons for the collapse of the Commonwealth. — In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a situation developed when the unlimited gentry democracy led to a weakening of the central, royal power. In fact, the country became a toy in the hands of strong oligarchic groups, which subjugated the gentry politically and economically. They actively used the right "liberum veto" (I forbid), according to which one deputy could block any decision and even disrupt the work of the Sejm. From 1652 to 1764 44 out of 80 diets were disrupted, they did not take any decisions. For years, the Commonwealth remained without a supreme authority. At this time, the role of district and voivodship diets grew. They appropriated the functions of legislative and judicial power, introduced new taxes. The royal treasury constantly felt a shortage of money, the kings were highly dependent on the magnates, who had their own troops.
The weakened Rzeczpospolita lost its international significance and at the end of the 18th century. became the prey of its stronger neighbors - the Austrian, Prussian and Russian monarchies. The so-called "dissident" question was used to interfere in the affairs of the Commonwealth. Russia raised before the Polish Sejm the issue of full equalization of the rights of non-Catholics (dissidents) with Catholics. The Sejm refused. Then in 1767, under the patronage of Russia and Prussia, an Orthodox confederation was created in Slutsk, and a Protestant confederation in Torun, which began to strive for equality of believers of different faiths. To reinforce the Confederates, a 40,000-strong Russian corps was brought into Poland. Russian troops surrounded the Sejm in Warsaw, and he was forced to repeal all laws against dissidents. The Seim gave Catherine II the authority to protect not only the Orthodoxy of the Belarusians, but also the Rzeczpospolita itself.
However, these decisions met with resistance from part of the Polish gentry. She in February 1768 in the city of Bar in Ukraine creates her own confederation. The lord's confederates also enjoyed significant support in Belarus. An armed struggle began with the participation of Russian troops. The Bar Confederates were defeated. After that, the first division of the Commonwealth between Russia, Prussia and Austria took place. In 1772, Russia ceded the eastern part of Belarus - Vitebsk and Mogilev regions. The Seim, which met in 1773 in Grodno, under the pressure of Russian diplomacy, confirmed the cession of the territories that had ceded to Russia.
33. How many sections of the Commonwealth took place and name the years. Three sections. 1) 1772 2) 1793 3) 1795
34. Between which states did the divisions of the Commonwealth take place? one) Russia, Prussia and Austria 2) 3) Russia Prussia, Austria. Russia, Prussia,
35. Name the year of the uprising of T. Kosciuszka and his main goals of the rebels. — The last attempt to consolidate society and resist the complete disappearance of the Commonwealth as an independent state was the uprising of 1794, led by a native of Belarus, Tadeusz Kosciuszko. On March 24, an act of uprising was declared in Krakow. The goal of the uprising was to restore the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772 and return to the Constitution of 1791. T. Kosciuszko, other leaders of the uprising tried to unite the interests of the advanced part of the gentry, the urban population, took steps aimed at improving the situation of the peasantry ( Polonets station wagon), but failed to achieve widespread popular support.
On the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the uprising began on April 16, and on the night of April 22-23, the city of Vilna fell into the hands of the rebels. On April 24, on the square in front of the city hall, the Vilna "Act of the uprising of the people of Lithuania" was announced and at the same time the body for leading the uprising in the entire Grand Duchy began to work - the "Supreme Lithuanian Council", which included twenty-nine of the most active figures of the uprising, as well as thirty-seven representatives voivodeships, counties and cities. Armed struggle spread throughout Lithuania and Western Belarus. Here the rebels were led by Yakub Yasinsky (at the initial stage). The socio-political program of the insurgents in Vilna was more radical than in Warsaw.
In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, hostilities continued from April to September 1794. On the territory of Belarus, several tens of thousands of people took part in the uprising. The most significant battles took place near the village of Polyana (May 7), the village of Soly (June 25), Slonim (August 4), Vilna (August 22), the village of Krupchitsy (September 17). Attempts to spread the uprising in the territories that had previously been part of Russia were unsuccessful. The hopes of the leaders of the uprising to help revolutionary France were not justified. The uprising was put down. On October 29, 1794, Warsaw surrendered to the tsarist troops led by A.V. Suvorov.
36. Why were the Russian troops forced to retreat during the first period of the Patriotic War of 1812? 1) The numerical superiority of the French army 2) the disunity of 3 Russian armies - Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Tormasov. 3) Support of the French gentry of Belarus, they hoped for the restoration of the Commonwealth by Napoleon .
37. Why did Napoleon leave a 150,000 army on the territory of Belarus, even though he planned 20,000? The mass of the Byelorussian peasantry remained indifferent and was concerned only with how to avoid the horrors of war and preserve their property. At the beginning, part of the peasantry expected Napoleon to abolish serfdom (as happened in Poland, where the peasants received personal freedom in 1807) and began to attack the lord's estates. But Napoleon did not justify their hopes. He ordered to send military teams to pacify the rebels. Many peasants, having taken their livestock and property, went into the forests and started a guerrilla war. Napoleon was forced to leave a 150,000-strong army in Belarus to fight partisans, protect communications, collect provisions and fodder.
38. Why did the Russian troops leave Moscow? After the Battle of Borodino, the Russian army, like the French, suffered heavy losses, losing 1/4 of its personnel. The command of the Russian army and personally the commander-in-chief M.I. Kutuzov, after the council in Fili, decided to leave Moscow in order to save the army. “If we lose Moscow, we will not lose Russia, but if we lose the army, we will lose everything” - M. Kutuzov
39. Name the place on the territory of Belarus where the final defeat of the Napoleonic army took place. R. Berezina. This river is in Belarus, the right tributary of the Dnieper. During the Patriotic War of 1812 during the crossing with battles through it on November 14-17 (26-29) " Grand Army» Napoleon I (75-80 thousand people) lost up to 50 thousand people, most of the artillery and carts. The most combat-ready units under the command of Napoleon I crossed the river and continued their retreat
40. Who are the Decembrists? Members of secret societies who raised an uprising in December 1825 against autocracy and serfdom. Mainly officers, participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-15, members Masonic lodges. The first organizations were the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare; from 1821, the Southern Society (in 1825 the Society of United Slavs joined it) and the Northern Society. They advocated the abolition of serfdom, the establishment of a unitary republic (“Russkaya Pravda” by P.I. Pestel, Southern Society) or a constitutional monarchy with a federal structure (“Constitution” by N.M. Muravyov, Northern Society). They planned to carry out a military coup in 1826. With the strengthening of the republican wing in the Northern Society (1823-24), it was planned to develop a common program and a single plan of action. The interregnum after the death of Emperor Alexander I caused premature armed uprisings: the uprising on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square in St. Petersburg and the uprising of the Chernigov regiment in Ukraine (December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826). After the defeat of the movement, 579 people were brought to the investigation, 121 people were put on trial, according to the verdict of which, on July 13, 1826, P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, K.F. Ryleev, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and P.G. Kakhovsky, the rest were sentenced to hard labor, exile as soldiers, etc. Over 3 thousand soldiers and sailors who participated in the performances were also repressed. In 1856, the surviving Decembrists were pardoned.
41. Who are Philomaths?(from the Greek philomathes - striving for knowledge), a secret organization of students at Vilna University in 1817-23. Its founders were A. Mickiewicz, T. Zan, Yu. Yezhovsky, F. Malevsky, Ya. Chechot, O. Petrashkevich. The original purpose of "F." was self-education, but soon their main task was to prepare themselves for social activities. Under the strong influence of I. Lelevel, the ideology of "F." developed in line with the noble revolutionary spirit. The ideas of enlightenment were closely intertwined with national liberation aspirations. Organization "F." was not numerous, but its influence on the development of the national liberation movement was great, especially thanks to the poetry of A. Mickiewicz. To promote their ideas "F." founded subsidiaries, the most significant and famous among which were the "filaretes". In 1823 the most prominent "F." were arrested and in 1824 exiled deep into Russia.
42. Who are the filarets?(from the Greek philaretos - loving virtue), a secret organization of students at Vilna University in 1820-23, sympathetic to the national liberation movement. Founded by the Philomaths as a subsidiary; aimed at self-improvement and mutual assistance.
43. In what year was serfdom abolished? As a result of the crisis of the feudal-serf system, the manifesto of 1861 freed the peasants of the Russian Empire from serfdom.
44. What is the essence of the redemption operation? in 1861-1906, the peasants redeemed land allotments from the landlords, provided by the peasant reform of 1861. The government paid the landowners the amount of the redemption, which the peasants had to repay for 49 years at 6% annually (redemption payments). The amount was calculated from the amount of dues that the peasants paid to the landowners before the reform. The collection of fees ceased as a result of the Revolution of 1905-07. The government managed to collect over 1.6 billion rubles from the peasants, having received approx. 700 million rubles of income.
45. What reforms were carried out, in addition to the agrarian, by the tsarist government of AlexanderII? Alexander (1818-1881), emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. Abolished serfdom (1861), then carried out a number of reforms (zemstvo, judicial, censorship, university, gymnasium, military, etc.) that affected all parties life of the country and contributed to its rapid development in the late XIX - early XX centuries.
46. What newspaper and for whom did K. Kalinovsky publish? Konstantin Semenovich (Kastus), revolutionary democrat, one of the leaders of the uprising of 1863-64 in Belarus. The son of a small landowner. In 1856-60 he studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In his student years, together with his older brother Viktor K., he actively participated in the activities of student communities and in revolutionary circles, became close to Z. Serakovsky, J. Dombrovsky, V. Vrublevsky. The world outlook of Kazakhstan took shape in an environment of growing peasant movement, under the influence of the ideas of N. G. Chernyshevsky and A. I. Herzen, and under the influence of the best traditions of the national liberation movement. Returning to his homeland in Belarus, K., together with Vrublevsky and others, in 1861 created revolutionary circles in the Grodno and Vilna provinces, which became part of a single secret organization. In 1862, K. became the head of the Movement Committee that led this organization (later called the Lithuanian Provincial Committee). In 1862-63, K. supervised the publication and distribution of Muzhitskaya Pravda, the first illegal revolutionary newspaper in the Belarusian language. The newspaper criticized the conditions for the abolition of serfdom, fought against the tsarist illusions of the peasants and urged them to seek “not such freedom as the tsar wants to give us, but such as we ourselves, peasants, will make among ourselves”, promoted the idea of a revolutionary union of peoples oppressed by tsarism.
47. What is the essence of K. Kalinovsky's uprising? - Kalinovsky's uprising 1863-1864 All the inhabitants of the region were called to rebellion without distinction of faith, origin, class, and were declared free and equal. According to the program of the uprising, land plots (free of charge), which they used, were transferred to peasant property, and the state had to pay the landowners for the land. Landless peasants were given 3 morgues (2.1 hectares) of land on the condition that they take part in the armed struggle. Recruitment service was replaced by a 3-year general military service, the Uniate Church was restored. However, these commitments fell short of the dreams of most peasants and failed to win them over to the uprising.
The uprising of 1863 was a bourgeois-democratic revolution. It was directed against the autocracy, the remnants of the feudal system, social inequality, national humiliation, it had a great influence on the revival of the revolutionary movement in Russia and Western Europe.
48. Who are the populists, and what are their goals? Populism is an ideological trend among the radical intelligentsia in the second half of the 19th century, whose representatives spoke from the standpoint of "peasant socialism" against serfdom and the capitalist development of Russia, for the overthrow of the autocracy through a peasant revolution (the so-called. revolutionary populists) or for bringing about social change through reforms ( so-called liberal populists). Ancestors - A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, ideologists - M.A. Bakunin, P.L. Lavrov, P.N. Tkachev. The main organizations of the revolutionary populists of the 1860s-80s were Ishutins, Chaikovtsy, Muscovites, Land and Freedom, Black Redistribution, and Narodnaya Volya. In the second half of the 1880s - the first half of the 90s. the movement was going through a crisis caused by the defeat of the "Narodnaya Volya". The influence of liberal populism increased (N.K. Mikhailovsky and other publicists of the Russkoye Bogatstvo magazine), but the revolutionary tradition was not interrupted either (the Narodnaya Volya group in St. Petersburg, other local circles and groups). The revival of revolutionary populism in the late 1890s - early 1900s. (the so-called neo-populism) is associated with the activities of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.
49. What is the essence of the Stolypin reform? The Stolypin agrarian reform is a reform of peasant allotment land ownership, named after its initiator P.A. Stolypin (many provisions of the reform were developed by S.Yu. Witte). Permission to leave the peasant community for farms and cuts (law of November 9, 1906), strengthening of the Peasants' Bank, land management measures (laws of June 14, 1910 and May 29, 1911) and strengthening of the resettlement policy (relocation rural population from the central regions of Russia for permanent residence in the sparsely populated outlying areas - Siberia, the Far East as a means of internal colonization) were aimed at eliminating peasant land shortages, intensifying the economic activity of the peasantry on the basis of private ownership of land, and increasing the marketability of the peasant economy.
50. What is a farm? AT early 20th century land plot, allocated from the communal land as a result of the Stolypin agrarian reform into the sole peasant property (unlike the cut - with the transfer of the estate).
51. What is a cut? AT early 20th century a land plot allocated from communal land as a result of the Stolypin agrarian reform into individual peasant property (unlike a farm, without transferring the estate).
52. What are the main causes of the revolution of 1905-1907? The causes of the first Russian revolution had their roots in the contradictions of Russian society: the presence of remnants of the feudal-serf system, the lack of political freedoms, the brutal exploitation of workers, the inability of the tsarist authorities to solve a number of social and national problems. All these crisis features were exacerbated by the Russo-Japanese War, in which the Russian army was defeated.
53. Name the years of the First World War. ( 1914-1918.) Start- 15 (28) .7.1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, 19.7 (1.8) Germany - Russia, 21.7 (3.8) - France, 22.7 (4.8) Great Britain - Germany.
Completion - After conclusion Brest Peace with Russia (3/3/1918), the German command launched a massive offensive on the Western Front. The troops of the Entente, having eliminated the results of the German breakthrough, went on the offensive, which ended in the defeat of the Central Powers. Bulgaria capitulated on September 29, 1918, on October 30. — Turkey, 3.11. - Austria-Hungary, 11.11. — Germany.
54. Between what blocks was the First World War fought and who was in them? A war between two coalitions of powers: the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) and the Entente (Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia, later Japan, Italy, Romania, the USA, etc.; 34 states in total). The reason for the war was the murder of the heir to the Aust-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a member of the Young Bosnia terrorist organization.
55. List the political parties that existed in the Russian Empire at the beginning.20th century Late XIX - early XX centuries. - the time of creation and formation of political parties. All-Russian and local national party organizations arose and operated on the territory of Belarus. At the II Congress of the RSDLP (1903) the program of this party was adopted. It provided for the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, and later the dictatorship of the proletariat through a socialist revolution. At the congress, the party split into the Bolsheviks (supporters of V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks (supporters of Yu. Martov). The Bolsheviks advocated carrying out a bourgeois-democratic and immediately socialist revolution and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Mensheviks believed that the bourgeoisie should win in Russia -democratic revolution and the country will develop along the bourgeois path, and then go over to socialism through reforms.In late 1901 - early 1902. The party of socialist revolutionaries was created.In 1902, the Workers' Party of the Political Liberation of Russia, which was based in Minsk. In their activities, the Socialist-Revolutionaries advocated a democratic republic, the socialization of the land; they considered terror as a means to achieve the goal. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Polish Socialist Party (PSP) had influence in Belarus. Its main task was the revival of an independent Polish state. Local groups formed Polish Socialist Party in Lithuania (1902-1906) Toray demanded the independence of Lithuania-Belarus with a constituent assembly in Vilna. The Bund was active. His organizations existed all over Belarus. Since 1901, the Bund has proclaimed itself the only national party of the Jewish proletariat. In 1905, the "Zionist-Socialist Workers' Party" was formed, which aimed to create a "separate Jewish socialist society." In parallel, the process of formation of the party of the social Zionist direction "Paolei Zion" was going on. They wanted to create an independent Jewish state in Palestine. In 1901, the Jewish Independent Workers' Party (ENRP) was created in Minsk, which was supposed to defend the autocracy. It set itself the task of raising the economic and cultural level of the Jewish proletariat. It was an attempt by the authorities to control the Jewish labor movement. The ENRP became an active promoter of Zionism. It is no coincidence that in 1902 the authorities allowed the All-Russian Congress of Zionists to be held in Minsk.
In 1902 in St. Petersburg students from Belarus Anton and Ivan Lutskevich created the Circle of Belarusian Public Education and Culture, which promoted the national culture, led the search for ways to revive it. At the end of 1902 - beginning of 1903. representatives of the Belarusian people's circles organized the Belarusian revolutionary community (BRG). The brothers Lutskevichi, V. Ivanovsky, E. Pashkevich (Aunt), K. Kastravitsky, A. Burbis and others came up with the idea of creating a socio-political organization of the working people. In 1903, at the first congress, the party was renamed Belarusian Socialist Community (BSG). This congress adopted the program of the party, which declared the need to eliminate the autocracy and the capitalist system. In 1904 - 1905. in the Grodno region, the Socialist Party of White Russia operated, which distributed leaflets in the Belarusian language of democratic content. We do not know the numerical composition and its program requirements.
56. What is the name of the agreement under which Soviet Russia concluded a peace treaty with Germany? March 3, 1918, a peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey. Germany annexed Poland, the Baltic states, part of Belarus and Transcaucasia, received an indemnity of 6 billion marks. The leadership of Soviet Russia went to the conclusion of the Brest Peace in order to maintain power. A group of "Left Communists" headed by N.I. Bukharin opposed the Brest peace and was ready to "go to the possibility of losing Soviet power" in the name of the interests of the international revolution. A close position was taken by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who organized an armed uprising in Moscow in July 1918 as a sign of protest against the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The treaty was annulled by the Soviet government on November 13, 1918 after the defeat of Germany in the First World War.
57. List the main transformations of Soviet power after the October Revolution. The new government sought to satisfy the social interests of the working masses. Worker control was established over the activities of all enterprises. On the basis of the Decree on Land, by the beginning of 1918, about 13 thousand landlord estates were confiscated and 1655.8 thousand acres of land were distributed to the peasants, which made it possible for the peasants to increase their land use by 33%. An 8-hour working day was introduced, workers were insured, and free medical care was established. Free education was introduced, illiteracy was eliminated.
58. What is the policy of "war communism"? internal policy of the Soviet state in the context of the Civil War. It was an attempt to overcome the economic crisis by dictatorial methods, based on a theoretical idea of the possibility of direct introduction of communism. Main content: nationalization of all large and medium industry and most of the small enterprises; food dictatorship, surplus appropriation, direct product exchange between town and countryside; replacement of private trade by state distribution of products on a class basis (card system); universal labor service; equality in wages; military command system for managing the entire life of society. The failure of the policy of "war communism" and the numerous actions of workers and uprisings of the peasants that it caused forced the Bolshevik leadership to introduce a new economic policy in 1921.
59. What is the Versailles-Washington system of the post-war order of the world? The Versailles-Washington system was established to maintain the post-war peace and was directed against the defeated states, including against Soviet Russia. It was established by the states that won the First World War: Great Britain, the USA, France and Japan. The Versailles-Washington system included the Neuilly Peace Treaty of 1919. Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Saint Germain 1919 Trianon peace treaty 1920 Treaty of Sevres 1920 and the Washington Conference of 1920-1922. The system could not eliminate the differences between the states-participants and fell apart by the beginning of the Second World War.
60. What is the year of the Riga Peace Treaty and its essence? Between the RSFSR and Poland, signed March 18, 1921 in Riga, ended the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, established the border between the RSFSR and Poland (Western Ukraine and Western Belarus departed to Poland), diplomatic and trade relations.
61. What is the date of the first announcement of the BSSR. — On December 30-31, 1918, the 6th North-Western Regional Conference of the RCP (b) in Smolensk proclaimed itself the 1st Congress of the Communist Party of Belarus (KGIB) and adopted a resolution on the creation of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). Creation of the BSSR with its capital in Minsk January 1, 1919. proclaimed by the manifesto of the Provisional Workers 'and Peasants' Soviet Government of Belarus (chairman of the government D. Zhilunovich).
62. NEP - New Economic Policy proclaimed in the spring of 1921 by the 10th Congress of the RCP(b); changed the policy of "war communism". It was designed to restore the national economy with a view to the subsequent transition to socialism. During the implementation of the NEP, the surplus appropriation was replaced by a tax in kind, the existence of various forms of ownership and market relations was allowed, the attraction of foreign capital in the form of concessions, in 1922-24 a monetary reform was carried out, which made the ruble a convertible currency. Since the mid 20s. I.V. Stalin and his entourage took a course towards curtailing the NEP and creating a centralized system of economic management. By the beginning of the 30s. NEP is actually curtailed.
63. Belarusianization policy - this is national policy which was developed in the highest party structures and carried out taking into account each region. Locally, it was called Belarusianization, Ukrainization, Tatarization, etc. The resolution of the 10th Congress of the RCP(b) "On the Immediate Tasks of the Party in the National Question" emphasized the need to win the trust of the oppressed nations, to develop in their native language the authorities, the judiciary, courses and schools, both general education and vocational, cultural -educational institutions, press, theatre. One of the central directions of Belarusianization was the so-called "indigenization", the education and promotion of personnel from the indigenous population to party, Soviet, economic and social work. The task was to nominate representatives of the indigenous population not on a national basis, but on business qualities, knowledge of languages and peculiarities of Belarus. Belarusization helped the population of the republic to realize itself as a nation, awakened its political and social activity.
64. What is the date of the creation of the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a state that existed in 1922-1991 in most of the territory of the former Russian Empire. Under the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR (December 30, 1922), it included the Byelorussian SSR, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (TSFSR; since 1936 - the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR), and the Ukrainian SSR. Later, the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR (1925), Tajik SSR(1929), Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR (1936), Moldavian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Estonian SSR (1940), Karelian-Finnish SSR (1940; since 1956 Karelian ASSR as part of the RSFSR).
65. Administrative-command control system - term used to refer to a particular variety government controlled, characterized by the use of coercive, directive methods of regulating social processes and the corresponding replacement of economic motives for labor activity by administrative coercion to work. The foundation
A.-k.s. - building the economic life of society by order and according to a plan drawn up in advance. The state administrative apparatus seeks to embrace and put under control the entirety of social processes, determining "from above" who, what and when to produce, to whom, what and at what price to sell, to whom and for what to pay.
A.-k.s. was dominant in the countries of "real socialism" throughout the history of their existence. Its emergence in the USSR dates back to the late 1920s, although some of its features revealed themselves already during the years of the civil war in the policy of “war communism” then pursued by the Soviet government. One of the reasons for folding A.-k.s. management in the country is considered to be an extremely low level of general and political culture of the population, which initially led to the strengthening of executive authorities in the system of power relations.
66. Industrialization policy - the process of creating large-scale machine production and the transition on this basis from an agrarian to an industrial society. In the Russian Empire, industrialization has been successfully developing since the end of the 19th century. After October 1917 (from the end of the 1920s), industrialization was carried out in a forced manner by violent methods due to a sharp decrease in the standard of living of the majority of the population, and the exploitation of the peasantry.
67. Collectivization policy - The policy of the Soviet state and party leadership in the late 1920s - early 1930s, aimed at the mass creation of collective farms (collective farms). Collectivization was accompanied by the elimination of individual farms, carried out at an accelerated pace with the use of violent methods and repressions against the peasantry.
68. What is the essence of five-year plans?(five-year plans), introduced in the USSR at the end of 1928, marked the transition from the NEP to the practice of directive central planning. As a rule, plans were considered by congresses of the Communist Party, after which they were submitted for approval by the highest bodies of state power. Between 1929 and 1986, 12 five-year plans were adopted. In the course of implementation, the planned targets were repeatedly changed, mainly downward.
69. Name the year of conclusion and the essence of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact ("Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact"). On August 23, 1939, a non-aggression pact was signed in the Kremlin between Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The document is better known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The USSR was represented by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V.M. Molotov, and Germany - Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The USSR and Germany pledged not to attack each other alone or together with third countries for ten years. The treaty could be extended for another five years. Hitler counted on this treaty to temporarily neutralize the USSR and ensure Germany's "free" seizure of Poland, and Stalin, in turn, intended to gain time to prepare the country for war with Germany (in the fact that sooner or later a clash between the two states I had no doubts about leadership, the question was when).
70. Name the date when the troops of the Red Army entered the territory of Western Belarus and its liberation from the Polish invaders. On September 17, 1939, Western Belarus was reunited with the BSSR into a single state. The city of Vilna and the Vilna region were transferred by the government of the USSR in October 1939 to Lithuania.
73. Genocide is actions aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous bodily harm to their health, forcibly preventing childbearing, forcibly transferring children, forcibly relocating or otherwise creating living conditions, calculated on the physical destruction of the members of this group.
74. What was the name of the German attack on the USSR? Preparing for an attack on the USSR, the Nazis at the end of 1940 developed a plan "Barbarossa" according to which, even before the onset of winter, they hoped to defeat the main forces of the Red Army and victoriously end the war.
75. General plan "Ost" - According to the Ost plan, only 25% of the population was supposed to be left in Belarus for use as a labor force. The remaining 75% were to be destroyed or deported. A new administrative division of Belarus was established. The eastern part was assigned to the "army rear area". Power here was exercised by military and police agencies subordinate to the headquarters of Army Group Center. The southern part of Belarus along the line 20 km north of the Brest-Gomel railway was assigned to the Reichskommissariat of Ukraine. The Germans included the northeastern part of Prussia and the general district "Lithuania". The remaining 1/3 of the territory of Belarus - Baranovichi, Vileika, Minsk (without the eastern regions), the northern regions of the Brest, Pinsk and Polessye regions - became part of the General District of Belarus, which was included in the Ostland Reichskommissariat with a residence in Riga and divided for 10 counties. These districts were headed by German officials (gebitskommissars).
76. Ghetto -(Italian ghetto, getto), a part of the city allocated for the residence of Jews. The name "ghetto." appeared in the 16th century. (apparently, from the Italian ghetta - a cannon workshop, near which the Jewish quarter in Venice, established in 1516, was located), but ghettos existed in many European medieval cities even earlier (the most famous ghettoes are in Frankfurt am Main, Prague, Venice , Rome). The settlement of Jews in the ghetto, being originally one of the manifestations of the corporate system characteristic of the Middle Ages, when each profession or religious group lived apart, from the 14th-15th centuries. became compulsory, leaving the ghetto at night was not allowed (the gates to the ghetto were locked at night). Inside the ghetto, life was regulated by the wealthy elite of the Jewish community and the rabbinate. The ghettos, which were a legacy of the Middle Ages, disappeared in the first half of the 19th century. (The Roman ghetto was finally destroyed only in 1870).
During World War II (1939-1945), in a number of cities in Eastern Europe occupied by Nazi Germany, the Nazis created ghettos, which were essentially huge concentration camps in which the Jewish population was exterminated. The term "ghetto" is sometimes used to designate an area of the city in which discriminated national minorities settle (for example: "Negro ghetto" in New York - Harlem).
77. « Ostrbeiter« — residents of the occupied territories who were forcibly taken to Germany and Austria to work at enterprises and private households of the Germans
78. Collaborator -(from the French collaboration - cooperation), persons who collaborated with the fascist invaders in the countries occupied by them during the 2nd World War 1939-45.
79. Guerrilla zone - Partisan formations carried out raids, liberated entire districts and created partisan zones. There were more than 20 partisan zones, which occupied more than half of the territory of Belarus.
80. Name what a rail war is and name its stages. In the summer of 1943, the Central Headquarters partisan movement developed an operation codenamed "Rail War". It began on August 3 and lasted until September 15 and was timed to coincide with the offensive of Soviet troops in the Belgorod-Kharkov direction. In Belarus, railway traffic was paralyzed for 15-30 days. The invaders suffered huge losses in locomotives, wagons, rails, sleepers, manpower. From September 25 to November 1, the second operation "Rail War" was carried out under the code name "Concert". During the operation, the partisans undermined the railway track, derailing trains with manpower and equipment of the enemy. They blew up thousands of echelons, 72 railway bridges, exterminated more than 30 thousand enemy soldiers and officers. From June 20, 1944 until the complete liberation of Belarus, the 3rd stage of the operation "Rail War" continued. All partisans of Belarus took part in it.
81. List the cities of the USSR that were awarded the title of Hero City. Hero City is the highest degree of distinction awarded for mass heroism and courage shown in the Great Patriotic war. The title of Hero City was awarded to Leningrad, Sevastopol, Volgograd, Odessa, Kyiv, Moscow, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Minsk, Tula, Murmansk, Smolensk; The Brest Fortress is a hero-fortress.
82. What was the name of the operation to liberate Belarus from Nazi invaders."Bagration" It began on the morning of June 23, 1944.
83. When was the city of Minsk liberated? On July 3, 1944, tankers and infantrymen of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian fronts liberated the capital of Belarus - Minsk.
84.
Name the end date of the Great Patriotic War.
9 May 1945 Berlin
85.
Give the end date of World War II.
September 1, 1945, USS Missouri
86. UN - United Nations Organization (UN) an international organization of states, established to maintain and strengthen peace, security and development of cooperation between countries. The UN Charter, preliminary developed at a conference in Dumbarton Oaks in 1944 by representatives of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China, was signed on June 26, 1945 by the states participating in the founding San Francisco Conference of 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945. In 1998, about 190 members of the UN states (including the Russian Federation). Principal organs: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat. Headquarters in New York.
87. NATO -(NATO - short for North Atlantic Treaty Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Military-political union directed against socialist countries and national liberation movements; created at the initiative of the United States. It began its activities at the height of the Cold War, on the basis of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington on April 4, 1949 by representatives of the governments of the USA, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Iceland; Greece and Turkey joined the treaty in 1952, and the FRG in 1955. Article 5 is the most important article. The North Atlantic Treaty establishes that in the event of an "armed attack" on one or more of its participants, other NATO members will immediately provide assistance to the country or countries that have been "attacked" by taking such action as they "deem necessary, including the use of armed force."
88. Warsaw Pact - ( 1955) on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, signed on May 14 in Warsaw by the USSR, Albania (since 1962 did not participate in the work created on the basis of the Warsaw Pact Organization, in 1968 withdrew from it), Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR (after joining the FRG in 1990 withdrew from the Organization), Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia. The goals of the Warsaw Pact were proclaimed to ensure the security of the countries participating in the agreement and the maintenance of peace in Europe. Warsaw Pact states create Unified Command armed forces. The highest body of the Warsaw Pact Organization is the Political Consultative Committee (PAC). April 26, 1985 the contract was extended for 20 years. In February 1990, the Organization's military bodies were abolished. July 1, 1991 in Prague, representatives of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia signed a protocol to terminate the agreement.
89. Cold War politics. The Cold War is a term denoting a state of military-political confrontation between the USSR and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies, on the other. The components of the "cold war": the arms race, the organization of opposing military-political blocs, the creation of military-strategic bases and bridgeheads, the widespread use of economic pressure measures (embargo, economic blockade, etc.). The Cold War emerged shortly after the end of World War II and ended in the late 1980s and early 1990s, mainly due to political and social changes in the USSR and other countries of the former socialist system.
90. What is the essence of Khrushchev's "thaw"? The period of time after the death of Stalin (March 5, 1953) and before the resignation of N.S. Khrushchev in October 1964 is called a decade of political "thaw", a period of relative democratization of society. During these years social and cultural life became more active. However, these transformations were not deep, but rather cosmetic in nature and did not affect the foundations of the existing system.
91. What is the essence of the Caribbean crisis? Cuban crisis, in relations between the USSR and the USA. It arose after the deployment of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, which was considered by the Soviet leadership as a response to the deployment of American missiles in Turkey and Italy, as well as to the threat of an invasion of American troops in Cuba. On October 22, the US government announced the establishment of a quarantine around Cuba in order to prevent the delivery to this country of "all kinds of offensive weapons" (up to the use of force against Soviet ships heading to Cuba). US and allied troops were put on alert. In response, Soviet troops were put on alert, vacations were discontinued, and the transfer to the reserve of military personnel of the strategic missile forces and air defense troops was suspended. The most acute crisis that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war was eliminated due to the sober position taken by the top leaders of the USSR (headed by N.S. Khrushchev) and the United States (headed by President John F. Kennedy), who realized the mortal danger of the possible use of nuclear missiles weapons. On October 28, the dismantling and removal of Soviet nuclear missile ammunition from Cuba began. In turn, the US government announced the lifting of quarantine and the refusal to invade Cuba; the withdrawal of US missiles from Turkey and Italy was also announced confidentially.
92. Scientific and technological revolution - In the mid 50s. started in the world scientific and technological revolution, which opened up the possibility of complex automation of production, the use of computers, new energy sources, materials, etc. In our republic, mechanical engineering and power engineering were developing at an accelerated pace, and the latest achievements of science and technology were being introduced into the national economy.
93. The first flight into space took place (where and when?).
The beginning of the space age is October 4, 1957, the date of the launch in the USSR of the first artificial Earth satellite (AES). The second most important date of the space age April 12, 1961 - the day of the first space flight Yu. A. Gagarin, the beginning of the era of direct penetration of man into space. The spacecraft-satellite "Vostok" was launched from. Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan), the flight lasted 1 hour 48 minutes. The third historical event of K. is the first lunar expedition July 16-24, 1969, carried out by N. Armstrong, E. Aldrin, and M. Collins (USA).
95. What is the essence of the Perestroika policy?"Perestroika" is a term that has come into widespread use since the mid-1980s. The policy of "perestroika", launched by part of the leadership of the CPSU, headed by General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party M.S. Gorbachev, led to significant changes in the life of the country and the world as a whole (glasnost, political pluralism, the end of the Cold War, etc.). “Individual labor activity” and the creation of cooperatives in the service sector and the production of consumer goods were allowed. By the end of 80 -x - early 90s. as a result of inconsistency and inconsistency in the implementation of "perestroika", the crisis intensified in all spheres of society, culminating in the collapse of the USSR in December 1991.
96. Name the year of the collapse of the USSR. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the RSFSR, Belarus and Ukraine signed agreements on the termination of the existence of the USSR as a subject of international law and on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On December 21, the leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan joined the agreement (later Georgia also joined the CIS). On December 25, Gorbachev resigned as president. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist.
97. When do we celebrate the Independence of the Republic of Belarus and why? At the beginning of June 27, regarding the adoption by the Supreme Council of the BSSR of the declaration of independence of the BSSR, and on May 14, 1995 (All-Belarusian referendum) the transfer of this day to July 3 in connection with the date of the liberation of the capital of Belarus, Minsk on July 3, 1944 from the Nazis
98. In what year was the first President of the Republic of Belarus elected? On July 10, 1994 A.G. was elected the first President of the Republic of Belarus. Lukashenko.
99. Integration - a unifying process between two or more states aimed at creating a common economic, financial, political or cultural space.
100. In your opinion, what is the essence of the Russian-Belarusian Union? His goals? This is a priority direction of the foreign policy of the leadership of Belarus in the second half of the 90s. On April 2, 1996, President of the Republic of Belarus A. Lukashenko and President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin signed in Moscow an agreement on the formation of the Community of Belarus and Russia. Retaining their sovereignty, the states began building structures that would have a common legislative base. The Supreme Council, the Executive Committee, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Russian-Belarusian Commission for Scientific Cooperation, etc. were formed. On April 2, 1997, the Treaty on the Union of Belarus and Russia was signed. The Treaty emphasized that each country retains state sovereignty and territorial integrity, constitution, flag, coat of arms.
101. Am I proud of my country - yes or no? Yes.
DT is a centralized testing, which is carried out annually on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. It serves both as a final exam at school and as an entrance exam to the country's universities.
To begin with, I would like to say that centralized testing in the history of Belarus is in no way inferior in terms of the complexity of passing other subjects. Therefore, treat the surrender with all seriousness and responsibility. After all, it depends on whether you enter the university you want to enter after graduation or not.
History is a huge amount of information: important dates, events of past years, Interesting Facts about people's lives in the past. And it will take a lot of time to learn all this. Therefore, if you decide to study the history of Belarus over the past year, it will be difficult. Accordingly, you are unlikely to be able to pass the CT for a high score without problems. The history course at school covers 6 years, and in order to prepare and show a positive result on testing, you need to carefully study it all these years.
How to prepare for the CT on the history of Belarus on your own
Let's look at a few steps to prepare for this important test in the life of a future applicant.
Step 1. Determine the time for classes
You will need to allocate your time so that several hours a day are allotted for studying and repeating material on history. In order to facilitate the student’s already difficult schedule, you can break the history lessons into 2 segments, for example, in the afternoon and in the evening for a couple of hours, it’s already convenient for anyone. Because this way of studying and repeating will be more productive for you. Find time to read books and any other material in Everyday life whether it's a walk or a ride in public transport. Be attentive and more active in history lessons: take notes, ask questions. The dedication with which you will prepare and how much time you will spend on it will directly affect the final result. So don't neglect it.
Step 2. Course and structure of training
As mentioned above, the history course at school covers 6 years, and therefore it is advisable to start repeating the old material, because any, even the most elementary, questions can be found in the CT. Pay attention to the dates, because 60-70% of the questions will be somehow related to any date. Write them down whenever you meet in the text, this is very important! Get a separate notebook for this, and after class, set aside some time to review them. An effective way would be to study history by centuries or decades.
For example, in the period of the history of Belarus 1900-2000. includes such events as: NEP (1921-1925), perestroika (1985-1991), etc. In this way, you will make it easier for yourself to memorize the material. Pay attention to studying maps. There are a huge number of historical atlases, so finding them will not be difficult.
During last year training, you can and should pass a rehearsal test, which will be held three times. It is the passing of the RT that will show your readiness for history and reveal gaps in your knowledge on certain topics. Therefore, you will need to tighten them up. Monitoring past years' tests will be very helpful. Yes, tasks change from year to year, but sometimes they change only outwardly, but the meaning remains the same. If you want to get the maximum number of points, then once a week, take time to solve tests of previous years, plus fruitfully spend the last academic year.
Step 3: Tutorials and Helpful Resources
Follow the release of test demos on the website of RIKZ (Republican Institute for Knowledge Control), there are also consultations from the developers of these tests, where they answer all your questions. Tests appear quite often and will help you in your preparation. Also on the site there is a schedule of all rehearsal testing. Decide what aids you will use, in addition to school textbooks. Here are some useful ones:
- “Reference notes for preparing for the CT” N.S. ball;
- “History of Belarus. Handbook for preparing for centralized testing '' I.N. Kuznetsov;
- and so on (choose any material you like or consult your teacher about it).
You can also visit the Internet, because there are a huge number of all kinds of online history tests and useful material. Download historical atlases, there are also a huge number of them. But I would like to note that it is by reading books that you remember the material better, so focus more on them. Compose tests on your own based on the material covered, this will be a great way to consolidate knowledge. Review the material you learned at school and at home every day.
Step 4. Attitude and motivation
The last thing in preparation is your psychological state. You can’t come to the end of the year tired and tortured! Yes, there is a lot of work to be done, but in addition to preparing for the TT, you must rest properly. Do not get hung up on the subject, give the brain fasting days, sleep 7-8 hours a day. You should not be tormented by thoughts like: I won’t pass, I’m not ready, or I don’t know much. On the contrary, set yourself up to get the highest score. If you want to get into the higher education institution you dreamed of, then it's worth pushing. After all, if you have worked hard during this preparation time and studied the material to the maximum, then you can easily cope with the delivery of the CT.
But if, during self-preparation, you still have difficulty understanding and remembering some topics, you can seek help from professional teachers. You can find a suitable teacher on our website in the section.
We wish you success and may good luck always be with you!
Test to test knowledge on the history of Belarus
"From antiquity to the endXVIIIcentury"
Initially, the territory of Belarus was inhabited by:
A) 100 thousand years ago;
B) 26 thousand years ago;
C) 35 thousand years ago.
2. The final settlement of Belarus took place:
A) 8 thousand years ago;
B) 12 thousand years ago;
C) 22 thousand years ago.
3. The oldest flint mine in Belarus was located:
A) the village of Khotomel, Stolinsky district;
C) the village of Kamen, Pinsk region.
A) from the southeast;
B) from the west;
B) from the east
5. Slavs appeared on the territory of Belarus:
A) inI – IVcenturies;
B) inV- VIIcenturies;
C) inVIII – IXcenturies
6. The first principalities appeared on the territory of Belarus:
A) inVIIIin.;
B) inIXin.;
C) inXin.
7. Minsk is first mentioned in:
A) 1067;
B) 1097;
B) 1390.
8. The Principality of Polotsk reached its peak during the reign of:
A) Izyaslav Vladimirovich;
B) Vseslav Brachislavovich;
C) Brachislav Izyaslavovich.
9. Belarus adopted Christianity in:
BUT)Xcentury;
B)IXcentury;
AT)XIcentury.
10. Feudal fragmentation on the territory of Belarus began in:
BUT)Xcentury;
B)XIcentury;
AT)XIIcentury.
11. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania arose in:
A) endXIIIcentury;
B) middleXIIIcentury;
At the beginningXIVcentury.
12. With whose name is the formation of ON:
A) Olgerd;
B) Mindovga;
B) Vytautas.
13. Vilna became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under:
A) Viten
B) Keystute;
B) Gediminas.
14. The Union of Kreva was signed in:
A) 1386;
B) 1385;
B) 1387
15. Kreva union was signed by the prince:
A) Vitovtom;
B) Jagiello;
C) Gediminas.
16. The GDL reached its peak when:
A) Gedimina
B) Vitovte;
B) Olgerd.
17. The latest edition of the Statute of the GDL was drawn up in:
A) 1566 ;
B) 1658;
B) 1588
18. The latest Statute was drafted by:
A) N. Radivil;
B) K. Ostrozhsky;
C) L. Sapieha.
19. The Union of Lublin was signed in:
A) 1558;
B) 1566;
B) 1569
20. The Volochnaya Pomera reform was carried out in:
A) 1529;
B) 1557;
B) 1588
21. Folvark is…
A) a large feudal economy with hired labor;
B) a peasant farm where the whole family worked;
22. Farms in Belarus appeared in:
BUT)XVcentury;
B)XVIcentury;
AT)XVIIcentury.
23. The peasants are finally enslaved by the document:
A) "drag death";
B) the Statute of 1588;
C) the Union of Lublin.
24. The Magdeburg Law in Belarus was first received by the city:
A) Polotsk;
B) Brest;
To Minsk.
25. The "Golden Age" of Belarusian culture is considered:
BUT)XVIcentury;
B)XVIIcentury;
AT)XVIIIcentury.
26. The Brest Church Union was concluded in:
A) 1569;
B) 1567;
B) 1596
27. The Union of Brest resolved the following issues:
A) religious
B) political;
B) economic.
28. The Constitution of the Commonwealth was adopted in:
A) 1772;
B) 1791;
C) 1794
29. F. Skorina, N. Gusovsky are the figures of the era:
A) Renaissance
B) Reformation;
B) Enlightenment.
30. S. Budny, V. Tyapinsky, N. Cherny are the figures of the era:
A) Enlightenment
B) Renaissance;
B) Reformation.
Answers:
C) 35 thousand years ago.
A) 8 thousand years ago;
B) settlement Krasnoselsky, Volkovysk district;
B) inV- VIIcenturies;
B) from the west;
B) inIXin.;
A) 1067;
B) Vseslav Brachislavovich;
BUT)Xcentury;
AT)XIIcentury.
B) middleXIIIcentury;
B) Mindovga;
B) Gediminas.
B) 1385;
B) Jagiello;
B) Vitovte;
B) 1588
C) L. Sapieha.
B) 1569
B) 1557;
C) diversified economy of the feudal lord with serfs.
B)XVIcentury;
B) the Statute of 1588;
B) Brest;
BUT)XVIcentury;
B) 1596
A) religious
B) 1791;
A) Renaissance
B) Reformation.