Liberal and paternalistic model of the social sphere. Paternalistic and non-paternalistic models

The success of the paternalistic model depends on economic resources. It is focused on material incentives, safety and dependence of employees on the organization. The efforts of the management of the organization are aimed at providing the funds necessary for the payment of salaries and the provision of benefits. Since the physical needs of employees are properly met, the employer considers the need for employees to security.

Guardianship leads to increased dependence of the employee on the organization. The employee feels that his safety and well-being depend much more on the organization than on the immediate supervisor. Within the framework of the paternalistic model, many different programs can be implemented. So, companies provide their employees with the opportunity to do physical education for free, provide therapeutic massage services, conduct psychological seminars, provide vacations for parents, allocate time to care for dependents and children. As a result, the staff turnover rate is significantly reduced, the amount of funds allocated to pay for sick leaves is reduced, and the costs of recruiting and training personnel are reduced. Obviously, the employees of such enterprises are unlikely to want to change employers - "guardians".

At the same time, it often happens that even if an employee commits actions that harm the company (absenteeism, theft), he will be forgiven as a negligent child in need of great care. Usually, wages at such enterprises practically do not depend on the level of personal participation in labor and on its quality, which significantly weakens the motivation of the best workers.

Observations of employees in this EP model show that they are often engaged not so much in the work process as in a lively discussion of benefits, concerned with whether everyone is fairly receiving their share of care from the enterprise.

The most obvious drawback of the model is that the level of labor efforts of most workers is somewhere on the verge of their potential, because they have lack of motivation to develop abilities up to more high level. Employees are satisfied with material conditions, but many of them feel that they do not have incentives for self-realization.

This model is most suitable for unambitious workers, people with large families. Professionals do not really welcome this system. They do not want benefits, but monetary rewards for their work in order to spend money there and in the conditions that suit them. For example, they want an apartment not in a factory building, but in a prestigious area, etc. This reduces the motivating influence of the paternalistic model in relation to certain categories of workers.

In the conditions of Russia, the paternalistic model usually does not give very good results. good results. The ego is explained, in particular, by the fact that employees often have low discipline, an orientation towards receiving benefits, and the value of rest is higher than the value of work. Therefore, this OP model quickly leads to a decrease in labor productivity, to an increase in the number of employees per unit of output in comparison with enterprises with supportive and even autocratic models.

supporting model

The supporting model of organizational behavior (OP) is based on the principle of supporting relationships by R. Likert. He convincingly showed that management and other organizational processes should provide the maximum likelihood that, in all relationships with the organization, each of its members, having their own experience, significance, expectations, feels a supportive approach, challenging and helping to maintain a sense of dignity and significance. In accordance with the views of D. McGregor, this model can be implemented by managers whose attitudes towards personnel fall under theory Y.

The supportive model is not based on money and power, but on leadership or leadership, where managers create a climate that helps the individual growth of workers and the use of their abilities in the interests of the organization. The task of management is to support the efforts of employees aimed at fulfilling work tasks, and not just providing benefits and paying bonuses for loyalty (as in the paternalistic model).

It should be noted that we are talking not only and not so much about the psychological support of workers, but about involving them in the process of cooperation in production processes, increasing labor productivity. The manager acts as a person who is ready to lend a helping hand and cooperate with the employee. At the same time, he believes that an employee is a specialist who understands his business and is ready to benefit the enterprise with his work. The manager in the supporting model demonstrates an interest primarily in the results of labor, but does not complain to the employee if his performance does not meet the standards or expectations, but enters into a constructive dialogue with him. The employee acts as expert, tries with the help of a manager (possibly an engineer, technologist) to find out what is the cause of low productivity - problems in the operation of equipment, poor quality of supplied semi-finished products, lack of own technical skills, something else.

Managers actively support those employees who are focused on improving production processes. As a result, it is these employees who become behavioral models for the rest. The attention of workers is concentrated on work, and not on extraneous things. Employees feel the attention of the manager, see his assessment of their work in terms of the level of participation, quantity and quality of the result. Constructive interaction with the manager increases self-esteem, self-respect, contributes to the growth of labor productivity and loyalty to the enterprise.

In cases where the leader supports the efforts of employees, employees have a sense of complicity and involvement in decision-making in the organization, they get reason to talk about the company "we" and not "they". Workers are more motivated to work as their needs for status and recognition are met at a higher level. Thus, they awaken internal impulses to work.

A supportive command does not require the involvement of significant financial resources. It is more about the style of behavior of the management of the organization, which is manifested in the treatment of leaders with people. The role of a manager is to help employees solve problems and complete work tasks.

At the same time, it is clear that the implementation of the supporting model, which is, apparently, the most adequate to the conditions modern Russia not all managers are capable. Those who profess theory X (according to D. McGregor) can work only under the conditions of the first two models. But there are great opportunities for improving the selection procedures and corporate training managers. In a supportive model, even subtle nuances of communication with staff are important.

collegiate model

The collegiate model is a further development of the supporting EP model. The term "collegiality" characterizes the partnership of people united in a group and striving to achieve a common goal. This model is gaining ground in organizations whose activities are determined by creative attitude of employees to work duties, since it is most adequate to the conditions of intellectual labor, it gives considerable freedom to the actions of employees.

The success of the collegial model is determined by the possibility of forming (under the guidance of management) among employees feelings of partnership feelings of need and usefulness. When employees see that managers contribute to the achievement of a common goal, they accept leaders in their circle, respect the roles they play.

The feeling of partnership comes in different ways. Some organizations are canceling dedicated parking spaces for senior executives. Others ban the use of words like boss and subordinate, believing that they separate managers from other employees. Still others revoke check-in times, form leisure "committees", pay employees' camping trips, or require managers to go out on a weekly basis.

The management of such an organization is focused on teamwork, the leader is treated as a coach who creates a winning team. The reaction of the employee to such a situation is a sense of responsibility, when the work task is performed at a high level, not because the manager ordered it, not under threat of punishment, but because the employee feels a sense of duty to achieve the highest quality.

The psychological result of using a collegial approach for an employee is the formation of self-discipline, when employees who feel a sense of responsibility set certain limits for their behavior in the team, just as members of a football team must adhere to certain rules of the game. In this kind environment employees usually experience feelings of accomplishment, contribution to the achievement of common goals and self-realization, which, in turn, are expressed in enthusiasm for the performance of work tasks.

The main models of organizational behavior are presented in Table. 1.3.1.

Table 1.3.1. Models of organizational behavior

Characteristic	The model is autocratic	The paternalistic model	Supporting model	Collegiate model
Model basis	Power	Economic resources	Management	partnership
Management Orientation	Powers	Money	Support	Teamwork
Worker orientation	Subordination	Security and benefits	Completion of work tasks	Responsible behavior
Psychological result for the employee	Dependence on immediate supervisor	Dependency on the organization	Participation in management	Self-discipline
Satisfying the needs of the worker	in existence	In safety	In status and recognition	In self-realization
Participation of employees in the labor process	Minimum	Passive cooperation	awakened energy	Expressed enthusiasm

The following combination of organizational behavior models seems to be optimal in a modern organization:

1. The level of top management is the collegial model of the EP. At this level, the decision is made as to how deep this model should extend, covering different categories of managers. It is advisable to take into account the fact that the collegial model is real in the group of direct interaction. If the group of managers in an organization is too large, collegial work has significant limitations.

2. At the level of structural units, the supporting model is optimal. Its first limitation is that it can only be implemented by managers with Y and Z attitudes. Managers with X attitudes (according to D. McGregor) can declare their adherence to the support model, but they cannot realize it. The staff will quickly understand insincerity and respond with a decrease in loyalty, demotivation. The second limitation is that not all staff can quickly switch to work according to this model. It takes time and patience. Moreover, there are people who do not want to implement the required behavior for one reason or another. In this case, it is advisable to apply an autocratic model in relation to them, leaving the opportunity to switch to a supportive one. This often works well because few people want to work in an autocratic model if there is an alternative to a supportive one.

1.4. Features of the concept of "organization" in the context of organizational behavior

Consideration of the discipline "Organizational behavior" should begin with the definition of the term "organization". Within the framework of this course, by "organization" we will understand a kind of social system that unites individuals for the implementation of certain goals and entry into which imposes significant restrictions on the individual's behavior. Also, an "organization" is a group of people united by some common cause to achieve their goals.

Organization features:

organizational culture. Values, norms of behavior, system of prohibitions.

organizational structure. Ways of distribution of managerial tasks, powers between divisions and officials.

interaction with the external environment. Acquisition of materials from the external environment, their modernization, after - the release of finished products / services. At the same time, an important role is assigned to the opinion of consumers, customers, the requirements of the current legislation, the political situation in the world, etc. If the organization successfully interacts with the external environment, it continues to exist in the market, otherwise the organization is liquidated)

resource usage. Material, financial, personnel;

existence of boundaries. Temporary (the concept of the life cycle of an organization), spatial (territorial boundaries), by property (the authority to dispose of the organization's property).

Exists a large number of types of organizations. Each of them, to varying degrees, influences the formation of relationships within the organization and the behavior of employees in it.

The Swedish model of the welfare state is often called socialist, they talk about the phenomenon of Swedish socialism. Indeed, the principles of social policy pursued in Sweden largely coincide with the principles of social policy pursued in the USSR.

It should also be noted that with all the diversity of the model of building a welfare state in Western countries, it was inevitable that in one volume or another they assumed: control and participation of the state; involvement of formal social procedures; the existence and formation of the main instruments by which the state seeks to guarantee a minimum level of well-being and through which it redistributes resources in non-market ways. Thus, fundamentally, Western doctrines gravitate towards the idea of state guardianship over the social sphere, i.e. the basic principles of the paternalistic model are not alien to them. Therefore, the characterization of the model of state paternalism seems to us very appropriate.

So, in the directive economy of our country and other socialist countries, the so-called paternalistic model of social policy was implemented. It was paternalism that was the most important feature of this social model. The Hungarian sociologist and economist J. Kornay defines paternalism as follows: "the central leadership assumes responsibility for the economic situation and at the same time claims to use any tool from the arsenal of administrative means that seems to it the most appropriate."

At first glance, the state, concentrating in its hands the bulk of the resources necessary for the economic and social development, can distribute them with the greatest efficiency, satisfying, as far as possible, the most urgent needs of the members of society. However, under the conditions of totalitarian rule, paternalism turns into the dominance and lack of control of the bureaucracy, which creates the prerequisites for the emergence of corruption, the adoption of inefficient decisions, and the intrusion of the state into the private lives of citizens. An even worse consequence of paternalism is the growth of social passivity of citizens, relying on the state as the highest authority in solving all social problems.

One of the characteristic features of the paternalistic model is strict directive regulation of production, distribution and exchange of social goods and services. The consequence of this in the USSR was not only an exorbitant burden for the state - an attempt to directively balance the volume and structure of supply and demand for goods and services, but also a sharp decrease in the manufacturer's interest in studying the consumer market, which ultimately led to the complete dictate of the manufacturer.

The next feature of the paternalistic model is etatism, nationalization of the social sphere, its individual branches and institutions. Etatism is a logical continuation of paternalism and serves as an instrument of direct state intervention in the functioning of the social sphere and ousting from it any entities that can not only compete, but also offer cooperation in solving social problems.

The famous Russian sociologist O.I. Shkaratan in his work "Type of society, type of social relations" gives the following characteristics etatism as a manifestation of paternalism. He assesses the social structure that developed in the USSR by the early 1930s and persisted until the 1990s. as etacratic. “It was a new social system,” writes Shkaratan, “which was neither capitalist nor socialist, which arose in the USSR and was later extended to other countries. It has specific and steadily reproducing features that mark the formation of a new independent socio-economic and political system, which can be called etacratic (literally state power from the French and Greek). Etacratism is not a chain of deformations and deviations from some exemplary model of capitalism or socialism, but an independent stage and at the same time a parallel branch of historical development modern society with its own laws of functioning and development".

O.I. Shkaratan names the main features of the etacratic model:

The isolation of property as a function of power, the dominance of relations such as "power - property";

The predominance of state property, the process of constant deepening of nationalization;

State-monopoly mode of production;

Dominance of centralized distribution;

Dependence of technology development on external incentives (technological stagnation);

Militarization of the economy;

Class-layer stratification of a hierarchical type, in which the positions of individuals and social groups are determined by their place in the power structure and are fixed in formal ranks and associated privileges;

The corporate system as the dominant form of the implementation of power relations, and accordingly - the hierarchical ranking and the volume and nature of the privileges of members of the society;

Social mobility as a selection organized from above of the most obedient and loyal people to the system;

the absence of civil society, the rule of law and, accordingly, the existence of a system of citizenship, partocracy;

Imperial multi-ethnic type of national-state structure, fixation of ethnicity as a status (when defining it "by blood", and not by culture or self-consciousness).

In his consideration of the features of the etacratic system, O.I. Shkaratan refers to the assessment of this phenomenon by M. Castells, one of the world's leading sociologists: "In the 20th century, we lived, in essence, under two dominant modes of production: capitalism and statism. ... Under statism, control over economic surplus is external in relation to economic sphere: it is in the hands of the holders of power in the state (let's call them apparatchiks or, in Chinese, ling-tao).Capitalism is focused on maximizing profit, i.e. on increasing the amount of economic surplus appropriated by capital on the basis of private control over the means of production and distribution. Etacratism is oriented (was oriented?) to the maximization of power, i.e. to the growth of the military and ideological ability of the political apparatus to impose its goals on more subjects at deeper levels of their consciousness.

O.I. Shkaratan notes that statism was imposed on the countries of Central and Eastern Europe by the USSR. At the same time, the peoples of countries with extensive experience in a market economy, democratic institutions, and belonging to Catholic and Protestant Christian cultures, showed particular resistance to the new system. At the same time, statism quite voluntarily and independently grew in states that did not know mature bourgeois relations that went to others. historical way than Europe - in China and Vietnam, Mongolia and Cuba, which confirms the non-randomness of its occurrence.

According to O.I. Shkaratana, all the variety of lines of social development that currently exists in the world is ultimately based on the differences between the two dominant types of civilization, which can be conventionally called "European" and "Asian". The first comes from the ancient policy. This is a chain of societies characterized by private property, a balance of relations "civil society - state institutions", a developed personality and the priority of individualism values. The second type is historically associated with Asian despotisms, the dominance of state property, the omnipotence of state institutional structures in the absence of civil society, citizenship, the priority of communal values in the suppression of individuality. In world history, in general, both in space and this type of civilization predominated in time.It was in these countries, where this second, non-European line of development historically dominated, that statism was established in the middle of the 20th century.

A direct consequence of etatism - extremely weak development, and often the absence, of market relations in the sectors of the social sphere. Moreover, the level of development of market relations is very different by industry.

In the USSR, in such sectors as education, health care, social security, paid forms were almost completely absent, and resources for their development were directed from the state and local budgets and from the funds of enterprises. In the sectors of culture, communications and physical culture, in passenger transport, market relations took a modified form, providing for paid forms of public service, but at the same time, prices for the services of these industries were set lower than the cost price, requiring constant and ever-increasing subsidies. In the third group of industries - in trade, public catering, consumer services - elements of the real market were historically preserved, there was also a certain share of private property. But especially actively market relations in these sectors developed in the form of a "shadow" economy.

Another essential feature of the paternalistic model is egalitarianism - equality in the consumption of material goods and services.

This principle of social policy has played an important role in ensuring the general availability of social benefits. On its basis, universal literacy was achieved in the USSR, the living conditions of millions of people were improved, the incidence of most diseases was reduced, and life expectancy was increased. At the same time, egalitarianism reduced the incentives to work among the population and negatively affected the quality of services provided. At the same time, the egalitarian principles declared by the state often came into conflict with the numerous privileges of the nomenklatura class.

The next feature of the paternalistic model of social policy is guaranteed universal employment - was due lack of a real labor market. With the intensification of social production, the policy of general employment faced significant difficulties, in particular, in creating new jobs. At the same time, the underdeveloped system of retraining and retraining of personnel, combined with mass primary training of personnel, did not allow prompt response to the demands of the national economy. On the other hand, the country had hidden unemployment, and not only in the form of employment in the household and personal subsidiary plots, but also as a result of the inefficient use of working time, especially on the part of engineering and technical workers and junior management personnel.

It should be recognized that the application of the paternalistic model of social policy to Russian realities was largely predetermined historically, corresponded to the peculiarities of the Russian mentality and, in addition to the nature of the Russian socio-economic and political situation, for several decades gave positive results in various areas of the social sphere. However, at a certain stage in the development of society, the paternalistic model of social policy became a significant brake on improving socio-economic relations. Therefore, as Russian society was being reformed, alternative models of social policy were required.

Returning to the typology of G. Esping-Andersen's social policy discussed above, we note that the social security system in the late 1980s. in Russia, as in other socialist countries, it formally approached the social-democratic model, which implies a large role for local governments; high level of spending on social security; high employment stimulated by the state; availability of private sector organizations providing services; emphasis on compulsory insurance; tax redistribution of funds, with the main sources of funding being the state and municipalities.

However, in reality, under the pressure of the mono-party ideology, the social policy of the socialist regime was practically deprived of independence, therefore, the main characteristics of the socialist system of the welfare state in the interpretation of Esping-Andersen are an anti-liberal orientation, hierarchy, static, a mixture of socialist ideas with conservative elements of politics.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Mordovian State University them. N.P. Ogareva

TEST

on the FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOCIAL STATE

Topic: Paternalistic model of the welfare state

Completed:

student of group 101

Ovchinkina E. I.

Checked:

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor

Sidorkina V. M.

Saransk 2016

Introduction

Social policy is a sphere of public administration, the importance of which is great for any social system. IN modern world an increase in the social component in the activities of the state is obvious. Accordingly, studies of the essence of social policy, its various models, ways of its optimization in modern conditions. A number of authors reasonably consider the development of social policy inextricably linked with the transformation of the social function of the state. The social function of the state is defined by them as “the direction of its organizational, legal and practical activities, regulating the standard of living and the processes of implementation socio-economic rights of the individual in an amount adequate to a specific stage in the development of society and the state. social paternalism state

The paternalistic model, the main characteristics of which are the total state control of socio-economic processes, the dominance of the state in the social sphere. This model arose and developed in the USSR and a number of socialist countries on the basis of the predominance of state ownership, the planned nature of the economy, and communist ideology.

Our task is to consider the main features, and based on historical experience, find the advantages and disadvantages of this model.

1. The concept of paternalism

Paternalism (lat. paternus - paternal, paternal) is a system of relations in which the authorities provide for the needs of citizens, who in exchange allow them to dictate behavior patterns, both public and private. Paternalism reflects a narrow perspective, social cohesion by adopting a single code of ethics, limiting interests and forms of experience to those already established as traditional.

Paternalism is a system of relations based on patronage, guardianship and control by the elders of the younger (wards), as well as the subordination of the younger to the elders.

1. In domestic relations - the principles and practice of public administration, built in the image of state control over people (similar to the control of the father over children in a patriarchal family).

2. In labor relations (in some countries) - a system of additional benefits, subsidies and payments at enterprises at the expense of entrepreneurs in order to retain personnel, increase productivity, and alleviate stress.

3. In international relations- guardianship by large states over weak countries, colonies, trust territories.

2. The USSR and the paternalistic model of social policy

It should also be noted that with all the diversity of the model of building a welfare state in Western countries, it was inevitable that in one volume or another they assumed: control and participation of the state; involvement of formal social procedures; the existence and formation of the main instruments by which the state seeks to guarantee a minimum level of well-being and through which it redistributes resources in non-market ways. Thus, fundamentally, Western doctrines gravitate towards the idea of state guardianship over the social sphere, i.e. the basic principles of the paternalistic model are not alien, which is why the characterization of the model of state paternalism seems to us very appropriate.

So, in the directive economy of our country and other socialist countries, the so-called paternalistic model of social policy was implemented. It was paternalism that was the most important feature of this social model. The Hungarian sociologist and economist J. Kornay defines paternalism as follows: "the central government assumes responsibility for the economic situation and at the same time claims to use any tool from the arsenal of administrative means that seems to it the most appropriate."

At first glance, the state, concentrating in its hands the bulk of the resources necessary for economic and social development, can distribute them with the greatest efficiency, satisfying, to the extent possible, the most urgent needs of members of society. However, under the conditions of totalitarian rule, paternalism turns into violence and lack of control of the bureaucracy, which creates the prerequisites for the emergence of corruption, the adoption of inefficient decisions, and the intrusion of the state into the private lives of citizens. An even worse consequence of paternalism is the growth of social passivity of citizens, relying on the state as the highest authority in solving all social problems.

3. Main features of the paternalistic model

1. Strict directive regulation of production, distribution and exchange of social goods and services.

The consequence of this in the USSR was not only an exorbitant burden for the state - an attempt to directively balance the volume and structure of supply and demand for goods and services, but also a sharp decrease in the manufacturer's interest in studying the consumer market, which ultimately led to the complete dictate of the manufacturer.

2. Statism.

Nationalization of the social sphere, its individual branches and institutions. Etatism is a logical continuation of paternalism and serves as an instrument of direct state intervention in the functioning of the social sphere and ousting from it any entities that can not only compete, but also offer cooperation in solving social problems.

The famous Russian sociologist O.I. Shkaratan in his work "Type of Society, Type of Social Relations" gives the following characterization of etatism as a manifestation of paternalism. He assesses the social structure that developed in the USSR by the early 1930s and persisted until the 1990s. as etacratic. “It was a new social system,” Shkaratan writes, “which was neither capitalist nor socialist, which arose in the USSR and was later extended to other countries. It has specific and steadily reproducing features that mark the formation of a new independent social economic and political system, which can be called etacratic (literally, the power of the state from French and Greek.) Etacratism is not a chain of deformations and deviations from some exemplary model of capitalism or socialism, but an independent step and at the same time a parallel branch of historical development modern society with its own laws of functioning and development".

O.I. Shkaratan names the main features of the etacratic model:

* the isolation of property as a function of power, the dominance of relations such as "power - property";

* the predominance of state property, the process of constant deepening of nationalization;

* state-monopoly mode of production;

* dominance of centralized distribution;

* dependence of technology development on external incentives (technological stagnation);

* militarization of the economy;

* class-layer stratification of a hierarchical type, in which the positions of individuals and social groups are determined by their place in the power structure and are fixed in formal ranks and associated privileges;

* the corporate system as the dominant form of the implementation of power relations, and, accordingly, the hierarchical ranking and the volume and nature of the privileges of members of the society;

* social mobility as a selection organized from above of the most obedient and loyal people to the system;

* the absence of civil society, the rule of law and, accordingly, the presence of a system of citizenship, partocracy;

* imperial multi-ethnic type of national-state structure, fixing ethnicity as a status (when defining it "by blood", and not by culture or self-consciousness).

In his consideration of the features of the etacratic system, O.I. Shkaratan refers to the assessment of this phenomenon by M. Castells, one of the world's leading sociologists: "In the 20th century, we lived, in essence, under two dominant modes of production: capitalism and statism. ... Under statism, control over economic surplus is external in relation to economic sphere: it is in the hands of the holders of power in the state (let's call them apparatchiks or, in Chinese, ling-dao) Capitalism is focused on profit maximization, i.e. on increasing the amount of economic surplus appropriated by capital on the basis of private control over the means of production and distribution. Etacratism is oriented (was oriented?) to the maximization of power, i.e. to the growth of the military and ideological ability of the political apparatus to impose its goals on more subjects at deeper levels of their consciousness.

O.I. Shkaratan notes that statism was imposed on the countries of Central and Eastern Europe by the USSR. At the same time, the peoples of countries with extensive experience in a market economy, democratic institutions, and belonging to Catholic and Protestant Christian cultures, showed particular resistance to the new system. At the same time, statism quite voluntarily and independently grew in states that did not know mature bourgeois relations, which followed a different historical path than Europe - in China and Vietnam, Mongolia and Cuba, which confirms the non-randomness of its occurrence.

The first comes from the ancient policy. This is a chain of societies characterized by private property, a balance of relations between "civil society and state institutions", a developed personality and the priority of individualism values.

The second type is historically associated with Asian despotisms, the dominance of state property, the omnipotence of state institutional structures in the absence of civil society, allegiance, the priority of communal values in the suppression of individuality. In world history, in general, both in space and in time, this type of civilization prevailed. It was in these countries, where this second, non-European line of development historically dominated, that in the middle of the 20th century. established statism.

A direct consequence of etatism is the extremely weak development, and often the absence, of market relations in the sectors of the social sphere. Moreover, the level of development of market relations is very different by industry.

In the USSR, in such sectors as education, health care, social security, paid forms were almost completely absent, and resources for their development were directed from the state and local budgets and from the funds of enterprises. In the sectors of culture, communications and physical culture, in passenger transport, market relations took a modified form, providing for paid forms of public service, but at the same time, prices for the services of these industries were set lower than the cost price, requiring constant and ever-increasing subsidies. In the third group of industries - in trade, public catering, consumer services - elements of the real market have historically been preserved, there was also a certain share of private property. But especially actively market relations in these sectors developed in the form of a "shadow" economy.

3. Egalitarianism.

Equality in the consumption of material goods and services. This principle of social policy has played an important role in ensuring the general availability of social benefits. On its basis, universal literacy was achieved in the USSR, the living conditions of millions of people were improved, the incidence of most diseases was reduced, and life expectancy was increased. At the same time, egalitarianism reduced the incentives to work among the population and negatively affected the quality of services provided. At the same time, the egalitarian principles declared by the state often came into conflict with the numerous privileges of the nomenklatura class.

4. Guaranteed universal employment.

It was due to the absence of a real labor market. With the intensification of social production, the policy of general employment faced significant difficulties, in particular, in creating new jobs. At the same time, the underdeveloped system of retraining and retraining of personnel, combined with mass primary training of personnel, did not allow prompt response to the demands of the national economy. On the other hand, there was hidden unemployment in the country, not only in the form of employment in the household and personal subsidiary plots, but also due to the inefficient use of working time, especially on the part of engineering and technical workers and junior management personnel.

Conclusion

However, in reality, under the pressure of the mono-party ideology, the social policy of the socialist regime was practically deprived of independence, therefore, the main characteristics of the socialist system of the welfare state in the interpretation of Esping-Andersen are anti-liberal orientation, hierarchy, static, a mixture of socialist ideas with conservative elements of politics.

List of sources used

1. General theory of law and state: Textbook for universities / V.S. Nersesyants. - M.: Norma: NITs INFRA-M, 2015. - 560 s

2. Smirnov S.N., Sidorina T.Yu. Social politics: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing House of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2004. - 432 p.

3. Fundamentals of the welfare state: Textbook / P.E. Krichinsky, O.S. Morozov. - M.: NITs INFRA-M, 2015. - 124 p.

4. History of the state and law of foreign countries. In 2 vols. T. 2. Modern era: Textbook / Ed. ed. ON THE. Krasheninnikov.

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paternalistic model

In the directive economy of our country and in other socialist countries, the so-called paternalistic model of social policy was implemented. It was paternalism that was the most important feature of this social model. J. Kornai defines paternalism as such a model when "the central leadership takes responsibility for the economic situation and at the same time claims to use any tool from the arsenal of administrative means that seems to it the most appropriate."

At first glance, the state, concentrating in its hands the bulk of the resources necessary for economic and social development, can distribute them with the greatest efficiency, satisfying, as far as possible, the most urgent needs of members of society. However, under the conditions of totalitarian rule, paternalism turns into the dominance and lack of control of the bureaucracy, which creates the prerequisites for the emergence of corruption, the adoption of inefficient decisions, and the intrusion of the state into the private lives of citizens. An even worse consequence of paternalism is the growth of social passivity of citizens, relying on the state as the "highest authority" in solving all social problems.

Another characteristic feature of the paternalistic model is the strict directive regulation of the production, distribution and exchange of social goods and services. The consequence of this was not only an exorbitant “burden” for the state in the form of an attempt to directively balance the volume and structure of supply and demand for goods and services, but also a sharp decrease in the manufacturer’s interest in studying the consumer market, which ultimately led to the complete dictate of the manufacturer.

The third feature of the paternalistic model is the nationalization of the social sphere, its individual branches and institutions. Etatism is a logical continuation of paternalism and serves as an instrument of direct state intervention in the functioning of the social sphere and ousting from it any entities that can not only compete, but also offer cooperation in solving social problems.

The fourth feature of this model is the extremely weak development, and often the absence, of market relations in the sectors of the social sphere. Moreover, the level of development of market relations is very different by industry.

In such sectors as education, health care, social security, paid forms were almost completely absent and resources for their development were directed from the state and local budgets and from the funds of enterprises. In the sectors of culture, communications and physical culture, in passenger transport, market relations took a modified form, providing for paid forms of public service, but at the same time, prices for the services of these industries were set lower than the cost price, requiring constant and ever-increasing subsidies. In the third group of industries - in trade, public catering, consumer services - elements of the real market were historically preserved, there was also a certain share of private property. But especially actively market relations in these industries developed in the form of a "shadow" economy, in the form of services of the "black" and "gray" markets.

The fifth feature of the paternalistic model is egalitarianism - equality in the consumption of material goods and services.

This principle of social policy has played a positive role in ensuring the general availability of the most important social benefits. On its basis, universal literacy was achieved in our country, the living conditions of millions of people were improved, the incidence of most diseases was reduced, and life expectancy was increased. At the same time, egalitarianism reduced the incentives for work among the population and negatively affected the quality of services provided. At the same time, the egalitarian principles declared by the state often came into conflict with the numerous privileges of the nomenklatura class.

The sixth feature of the paternalistic model of social policy - guaranteed universal employment - was due to the absence of a real labor market. With the intensification of social production, the policy of general employment faced significant difficulties, in particular, in creating more and more new jobs. At the same time, the underdeveloped system of retraining and retraining of personnel, combined with mass primary training of personnel, did not allow prompt response to the demands of the national economy. On the other hand, there was hidden unemployment in the country, not only in the form of employment in the household and personal subsidiary plots, but also due to the inefficient use of working time, especially on the part of engineering and technical workers and junior management personnel.

In general, we can conclude that at a certain stage in the development of society, the paternalistic model of social policy has become a significant brake on improving socio-economic relations. Therefore, as Russian society was being reformed, the task arose of finding alternative models of social policy.

Definition 1

The model of social policy is a set of measures and means that are used by the state to solve social problems.

Often, models of social policy are based on a certain doctrine, which differs in the level of intervention of the country in the social sphere.

The main models of state social policy

Depending on the content, goals and implementation features, the following models of state social policy are distinguished:

paternalistic socialist model. This model is characterized by the comprehensive responsibility of the state for the social and economic situation of citizens. A feature is the monopoly of the state in relation to the realization of all the benefits and needs of the citizens of the country, including social desires. This model provides a centralized distribution of all benefits. Its advantages are the confidence of the citizens of the state in social security and social stability. The disadvantages include the inability to provide a high level of optimal life support for all citizens of the country, as well as an equalizing principle in the distribution of social benefits and a high degree of dependence of a citizen on the state.
Swedish model. This model is characterized by a high level of regulation of the social sphere of society, but at the same time the market economy remains. The main advantages of the model are to ensure a high level of social protection of citizens and high performance decent livelihood of the population of the country. Disadvantages include tangible tax pressure on businesses, an abundant social unification structure, and citizens' free choice of social benefits.
The welfare state model. This model is typical. It is characterized by a market structure with active regulation of the social sphere. The state assumes responsibility for ensuring the social protection of citizens, and also guarantees a wide range of social services that the market system cannot provide.
Model of "socially-oriented market economy". This model is characterized by the operation of a system of "social shock absorbers", which does not allow citizens to fall below the poverty line. At the same time, the state does not take on the tasks that can be realized by the population.
Market social model. This model is characterized by insignificant social rigidity, as well as the denationalization of the social sphere and the minimization of social transfers (pension payments and benefits).

Problems of the paternalistic model of social policy

The modern history of the formation and development of the social sphere of the Russian Federation is divided into several stages, which represent the implementation of the paternalistic model of social policy.

The first stage, which begins in the mid-90s, is characterized by the active formation and implementation of the paternalistic model, which is borrowed from the practice Soviet Union. The disadvantages of this model are the cross-implementation of social programs that cause repetition social assistance and very high social spending. At this stage, the social policy of the Russian Federation was focused on strengthening specific gravity social costs in total government spending. Also, the guidelines of the paternalistic model are the implementation of efforts aimed at improving the efficiency of social programs and projects. But the increase in the number of social spending did not prevent the decline in the livelihoods of the population and social workers. This led to a significant development of the budget deficit.

It can be said that the paternalistic model of the state's social policy turned out to be ineffective in the process of regulating social social processes. But its use at the initial stage of socio-economic improvements was based on the following reasons:

a sharp decline in the standard of living of the population of the state;
lack of experience in solving global problems in the field of social policy;
lack of social public structure;
the unfinished certainty of the country's social and economic priorities;
lack of a normative-methodical and technical base for solving problems of social reforms;
the need for the full use of those resources, methods and forms of work that remained from the degraded system of social protection and support.

Remark 1

The aggravation of financial problems in the economic and social sphere has confirmed the aimless increase in funding, which is not supported by structural reforms.

Analysis of the paternalistic model of social policy

Kornai defined paternalism as a model in which the leadership assumes responsibility for the economic situation in the state and at the same time claims any tool from the entire arsenal of administrative means that are most appropriate for it.

At first glance, it may seem that the state concentrates in its hands all the resources that are necessary for the social and economic development of the country, and can also manage them in order to best meet the urgent needs of the population. But under the conditions of total government, the paternalistic model of social policy turns into an uncontrolled bureaucracy, and this, in turn, is a prerequisite for the formation of corruption, making wrong decisions and invading the privacy of citizens of state structures.

A more negative consequence of the invasion of the paternalistic model is an increase in the social indifference of citizens who rely on the state to solve all social problems.

Remark 2

Most feature paternalistic model is a strict directive regulation of production, as well as the exchange of social services and benefits.

Figure 1. Paternalistic social policy. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The consequence of this invasion was not only a burden for the state to balance the structure and volume of demand for services and goods, but also a significant decrease in the manufacturer's interest in considering the consumer market, which led to the dictatorship of the manufacturer.

An important feature of the paternalistic model of social policy is etatism, in other words, it is the nationalization of the social system, as well as its individual institutions and structures.

Definition 2

Etatism is a logical continuation of paternalism, it is an instrument of direct intervention of the state into the functioning of the social system and the confident displacement of any objects from it that can not only compete, but also offer collaborative activity in resolving social problems.

An important feature of the paternalistic model is the weak development or complete absence of market relations in the development of the social sphere, and the level of development can differ significantly by industry. In such areas as health care, education and social security, paid resources and forms for their development are almost completely absent. Financing was made at the expense of the local and state budget, as well as from the funds of the enterprise.

In the branches of communications, culture, physical culture and passenger modes of transport, which provide for paid services to citizens, market relations took a modified form, but at the same time, reduced prices were set for these services.

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