Evenki language (Tungus). Evenki language Degree of study and history of language learning

The Evenks are the only people of the North who have mastered the spaces of the mountain taiga and tundra. Already in the XVII century. in the west, the Evenki went to the Ob-Yenisei watershed between Ketya and Turukhan. In the north, they developed a significant part of the tundra between the Yenisei and Lena and the taiga along the basins of all three Tunguska, to the east from the Lena they spread through the taiga to the Sea of Okhotsk. Equestrian groups and pastoralists roamed the steppes of Transbaikalia and the Upper Amur region and along the right tributaries of the Amur.

At present, Evenks live in more or less compact groups in the Evenki National District, in the Katangsky District of the Irkutsk Region, in the Vitimsko-Olyokma District of the Chita Region, in the Aldansky District of Yakutia, and in the Ayansky and Chumikansky Districts of the Khabarovsk Territory. In all other regions and territories they live mixed with other populations.

Evenks under the name "Tungus" were first mentioned at the end of the 17th century. The most common self-name is "Evenki", other self-names are: Orochon, Il.e, Birars, Mata, Manegry, Kileny, Khamnygan, Khundysal.

The number of Evenks according to the 1989 census was 29,975 people. 45.1% are fluent in the language of their nationality.

In the extreme west of their settlement, the Evenks live next door to the Nenets, Khanty, and Kets; in Yakutia and adjacent areas - with the Yakuts; within Buryatia - with the Buryats. On the Far East their neighbors are Evens, Negidals, Nanais; on Sakhalin Island - Oroks and Nivkhs. In all areas of their distribution, Evenks live and work together with Russians.

Until 1931, the Evenki language was unwritten. Literature in this language began to be published only in 1931. At the very beginning, the Nepa dialect of the southern dialect was chosen as the basis of the Evenki literary language, in 1952 - the Polygus dialect.

According to the existing classification of the languages of the world, the Evenk language belongs to the Tungus-Manchu family, which is divided into three groups: Tungus, or northern, Amur, or southern, and Manchu proper. The first group consists of the Evenk, Even, Negidal and Solon languages, the second includes Nanai, Ulch, Udege, Oroch and Orok (ulta), the third includes the Manchu language and the now dead Jurchen. All Tungus-Manchu languages have significant similarities both in vocabulary and in grammatical structure, which indicates their ancient relationship and origin from the same root.

Evenk lexicography is relatively young. In the field of studying the Evenki language, accumulated by the beginning of the 19th century. the materials were small lists of words. In 1843, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences organized a scientific expedition (1843-1845) to explore the north and east of Siberia, headed by a professor at Kyiv University (later academician) A.F. Middendorf (1815-1894). During his journey, along with the main studies, he wrote down not a large number of words and speech patterns of the Evenks living on the river. Lower Tunguska, Norilsk, Ud and Aldan Evenks. The researcher himself in one of his letters testifies that he had runaway meetings with the "Tungus". In addition, not being a linguist, A.F. Middendorf could not give an exact phonetic notation, and provided his texts with an insufficiently accurate translation. Nevertheless, his lexicons and texts had for that period great importance, as they gave an idea of the language and some of its dialectal differences. Materials of A.F. Middendorf - a dictionary of 600 words, 18 phrases and three small texts with German translation - were published by Academician A. Shifner as an appendix to the grammar of M.A. Castrena1.

An exceptional role in the study of the Evenki language, as well as many other non-written languages, was played in the middle of the 19th century. M.A. Castren. This scientist set out to study both written Manchu and living dialects of the Tungus language, believing that Tungus constitutes a necessary link in the circle of the Ural-Altaic languages. In 1845-1849. M. A. Kastren, on the instructions of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, carried out a large Siberian expedition, the results of which were enormous in terms of their scientific significance. Although the study of the Evenki language was not originally included in the plans of the expedition, M.A. Kastren still considered it necessary to study this language, which he managed to do already at the end of the expedition, in 1848, on the way to Nerchinsk. M.A. Kastren made his notes in the area of the city of Chita from the speakers of the Mankovsky and Urulga dialects. Therefore, his materials, along with the features common to the Evenki language, also reflect the dialectal features of this group of Evenks. Based on the notes, M.A. Kastren created the first grammar of the Evenki language and compiled a dictionary. The work was published in German after his death. It was prepared for publication by A. Shifner on behalf of the Academy of Sciences. Dictionaries of M. A. Kastren in 1500 words are attached to the grammar (Tungus-German dictionary with parallels from the Buryat, Tatar, Yakut and German-Tungus dictionary, as well as the already mentioned A.F. Middendorf dictionary and G. Spassky's dictionaries (130 words) and G. Gerstfeld (200 words).The vocabulary data of M.A. Kastren were widely used for comparative study by numerous researchers.

The following materials on the Evenki language were collected by the participants of an almost year-long expedition to the Amur by the famous explorer of Siberia R.K. Maak (1825 - 1886) and his collaborator G. Gerstfeld. Expedition R.K. Maaka pursued natural-geographical goals, but nevertheless, its participants could not avoid the issue of the population of the little-known Amur region at that time and therefore began to study the ethnography of the region. At the same time, it was possible to write down a certain number of words from the Evenks. The Evenki-Russian Dictionary, compiled by R.K. Maak, was published as an appendix to the capital work devoted to the results of the expedition2. It contains 1500 Evenki words reproduced in Latin script and arranged in the order of the Manchu alphabet. The dictionary also includes words written by R.K. Maakom earlier, during the Vilyui expedition of 1854, from the Vilyui Evenks, Manegros, Orochons and representatives of some other groups. As an appendix, samples of the speech of the Vilyui Evenks in the form of 86 phrases with Russian translation are given. Dictionary data of R. Maak, although they are brief, are interesting for historical and dialectological research.

In the 70s. 19th century materials on the Evenki language were collected during a two-year trip to Siberia by the geologist A. Chekanovsky, who recorded them from the Evenks of the Kondogir clan, who lived in the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk province along the river. Lower Tunguska from the village of Moga to the mouth of the river. Ilimpei. A. Chekanovsky's dictionary was published in 1878 by A. Shifner3. It contains about 1800 words and 217 phrases with translation into Russian. A. Shifner added to the dictionary of A. Chekanovsky many parallels from other Evenki and Even dialects based on previously published works and attached the same materials to R.K. Maak.

Brief information on one of the dialects of the Evenk language was published in 1903 in his essays by V.V. Ptitsyn, who made notes in the area of Lake. Baikal among the Evenks who lived along the river. Holous. The essays give "Grammatical rules of the dialect of the Golousnensky Tungus" and two small dictionaries: Tungus-Russian and Russian-Tungus, which contains about 600 Evenk words, along with some indirect forms of names. In this work, as V.V. Ptitsyn, he used the materials of a certain Yunusov, transferred to the author A.V. Starchevsky.

By the same time, information on the language of the Ilimpi Evenks of the Turukhansk region, collected by Siberian ethnographers V.N. Vasiliev and I.P. Tolmachev during the Khatanga expedition, which were later transferred to Vl. Kotvich.

In 1903, vocabulary materials were recorded from the Ayan Evenks along with the ethnographic study by E.K. Pekarsky (1858-1934). Of the unpublished materials on the Evenki language, the manuscripts of the ethnographer K. M. Rychkov, stored in the archives of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, deserve great attention. These are extensive texts written in the Evenki language at the beginning of the 20th century. on the territory of the Turukhansk region, and a dictionary for them. In connection with the activities of missionaries in the period 1889-1916. on the territory of the Turukhansk region by the priest M.M. Suslov compiled a Russian-Evenki dictionary, which, however, was not published.

In the period from 1919 to 1926, on the initiative of the Irkutsk University and the Chita Regional Museum, a number of expeditions to the Evenks in the Lensko-Kirensky, North-Baikal and Vitimo-Nerchinsk regions were made by E.I. Titov, who collected folklore and vocabulary materials. The latter were published in 1926 in the form of an Evenk-Russian dictionary containing 3000 words, with the grammar of M.A. Castren, translated into Russian by M.G. Peshkova7. For writing Evenki words, Russian transcription is adopted here. It was noted that in some cases this spelling suffers from inaccuracies.

In 1934, the Evenki-Russian dialectological dictionary by G.M. Vasilevich, containing about 4000 words, a short grammatical essay and brief description dialects8. In the future, his scientific interests G.V. Vasilevich sends her to collect vocabulary material, as a result of which her dictionaries appeared9. The Evenki-Russian dictionary contains about 10,000 words, the Russian-Evenki - about 20,000 words.

The most complete is the "Evenk-Russian Dictionary", compiled by G.M. Vasilevich and published in 1958. It contains about 25,000 words, and the vocabulary of not only the literary language, but also dialects is presented. The dictionary contains indexes of dialects and dialects, references to a literary word in dialectisms and comparisons of phonetic variants in a literary word. The literary language is determined by the vocabulary of the Podkamenno-Tunguska dialect, as well as borrowed from the Russian language and other dialects (in the absence of words in the literary dialect). In the appendices to the dictionary are given:

Vocabulary collected locally during expeditions of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951-1954) by V.A. Gortsevskaya, V.D. Kolesnikova, O.A. Konstantinova, E.P. Lebedeva, T.Z. Pukshanskaya and N.I. Gladkova;
Names of Evenk clans;
Suffixes and particles;
A grammatical sketch of the Evenki literary language.

In 1958, the Evenk-Russian Dictionary (of the Evenki literary language) was published, compiled by V.A. Gortsevskaya, V.D. Kolesnikova and O.A. Konstantinova. It includes about 10,000 words. The accumulated material made it possible to publish the “Comparative Dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu Languages” (responsible editor V.I. Tsintsius, compilers: V.A. Gortsevskaya, V.D. Kolesnikova, O.A. Konstantinova, K.A. Novikova, T.N. Petrova, V.I. Tsintsius, and T.G. Bugaeva)10. Published bilingual (translated) dictionaries and brief glossaries of individual Tungus-Manchu languages (or more often their individual dialects), as well as unpublished lexical materials collected as a result of many years of expeditionary activity of Tungus-Manchu scholars or written down from students in Leningrad, Evenks, students of the former Institute of the Peoples of the North, Leningrad State University, Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen:

Vasilevich G.M. Evenk-Russian Dictionary. - M., 1958;
Gortsevskaya V.A., Kolesnikova V.D., Konstantinova O.A. Evenk-Russian Dictionary. - L., 1958;
Kolesnikova V.D., Konstantinova O.A. Russian-Evenki dictionary. - L., 1960;
Poppe N.N. Materials for the study of the Tungus language: The dialect of the Barguzin Tungus. -L., 1927;
Romanova A.V., Myreeva A.N. Dialectological dictionary of the Evenki language: Materials of dialects of the Evenks of Yakutia / Ed. G.M. Vasilevich. - L., 1968;
Titov E.I. Tungus-Russian Dictionary. - Irkutsk, 1926;
Castren M.A. Grundziige einer Tungusichen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Worterverzeichniss. -St. Petersburg, 1856;
Podkamenno-Tunguska dialects - expeditionary materials of V.A. Gortsevskaya, V.D. Kolesnikova and O. A. Konstantinova (1941, 1952, 1953, 1959);
Vanavara dialect - expedition materials of V.A. Gortsevskaya;
Dudinsky dialect - records by V. Stolypin (1961), verified by V.A. Gortsevskaya;
Kachug dialect - records by V. Khromov (1961), verified by V.A. Gortsevskaya and V.D. Kolesnikova;
Nakannov dialect - expedition materials O.A. Konstantinova and Z.V. Monakhova (1952);
Timpton dialect - expedition materials of A.F. Boitsova and O.A. Konstantinova (1940);
Tokkinsky dialect - notes by V. Anastakhova (1961), verified by V.A. Gortsevskaya;
The Ucham dialect and the dialect of the Evenks of Agatha and the Great Threshold - expedition materials of E.P. Lebedeva (1952).

Evenki (self-name Evenkil, which became the official ethnonym in 1931; the old name is Tungus from Yakut. Toҥ uus) - an indigenous people Russian Federation(Eastern Siberia). They also live in Mongolia and northeast China. Separate groups of Evenks were known as Orochens, Birars, Manegri, Solons. The language is Evenki, belongs to the Tungus-Manchurian group of the Altai language family. There are three groups of dialects: northern, southern and eastern. Each dialect is subdivided into dialects.

Geography

They live from the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in the east to the Yenisei in the west, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Baikal region and the Amur River in the south: in Yakutia (14.43 thousand people), Evenkia (3.48 thousand people), Dudinsky district of the Taimyr Autonomous District, Turukhansk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (4.34 thousand people), Irkutsk region (1.37 thousand people), Chita region (1.27 thousand people), Buryatia (1.68 thousand people .), Amur Region (1.62 thousand people), Khabarovsk Territory (3.7 thousand people), Sakhalin Region (138 people), as well as in the northeast of China (20 thousand people, spurs Khingan Ridge) and in Mongolia (near Lake Buir-Nur and the upper reaches of the Iro River).

Language

They speak the Evenki language of the Tungus-Manchurian group of the Altai family. Dialects are divided into groups: northern - north of the lower Tunguska and lower Vitim, southern - south of the lower Tunguska and lower Vitim, and eastern - east of Vitim and Lena. Russian is also widespread (55.7% of Evenks are fluent, 28.3% consider it their native language), Yakut and Buryat languages.

The Evenki language, along with Manchu and Yakut, belongs to the Tungus-Manchu branch of the Altaic language family.

In turn, the Tungus-Manchu language family is something intermediate between the Mongolian (the Mongols belong to it) and the Turkic language family(where, for example, Tuvans belong, although many do not perceive Tuvans as Turks (such as Tatars, Uighurs, Kazakhs or Turks), because Tuvans do not profess Islam, but are partly shamanists, like the Yakuts and Evenks, and partly Buddhists, like the Manchus and the Mongols, It should be noted that the Manchus also partly profess Buddhism). Evenks are very close to the Manchus, but unlike them, they did not create famous state formations. And in this they are similar to the Yakuts close to them.

Evenks, both in Russia and in China and Mongolia, with the help of scientists from the respective countries, adapted the writing system adopted by the titular peoples of these states to record their language. In Russia, the Evenks use the Cyrillic alphabet, in Mongolia they use the Old Mongolian script, and in China they use the Old Mongolian script and hieroglyphs. But this also happened recently, in the 20th century. Therefore, in the following excerpts from the material of the Chinese foreign broadcast, it is said that the Evenks do not have a written language.

Name

Perhaps it sounds strange, but even the very name of the Evenki people is fanned with the spirit of myths and doubts. So, from the time of the development of the vast territories occupied by the Evenks by the Russians, until 1931, it was customary to call this people (and at the same time their kindred Evens) common word"Tungus". At the same time, the origin of the word "tungus" is still unclear - whether it comes from the Tungus word "kungu", meaning "a short fur coat made of deer skins, sewn with wool up", or from the Mongolian "tung" - "forest", then whether from the Yakut "tong was" - "people with frozen lips", i.e. speaking in an unknown language. One way or another, but the name "Tungus" in relation to the Evenki is still used by a number of researchers, which confuses the already confusing history of the Evenk people.

One of the most common self-names of this people - Evenki (also Evenkil) - was recognized as official in 1931 and acquired the form of “Evenki”, which is more familiar to the Russian ear. The origin of the word "Evenki" is even more mysterious than "Tungus". Some scholars argue that it comes from the name of the ancient Transbaikal tribe “uvan” (also “guvan”, “gyui”), from which the modern Evenks supposedly have their roots. Others completely shrug their shoulders, refusing to attempt to interpret this term and pointing out only that it arose about two thousand years ago.

Another very common self-name of the Evenks is "orochon" (also "orochon"), literally meaning "a man who owns a deer", "deer" man. That is how the Evenks-reindeer herders called themselves in a vast territory from Transbaikalia to the Zeya-Uchursky region; however, some of the modern Amur Evenki prefer the name "Evenki", and the word "orochon" is considered just a nickname. In addition to these names, among the various groups of Evenks there were also self-names "Manegri" ("Kumarchens"), "Ile" (Evenks of the Upper Lena and Podkamennaya Tunguska), "Kilen" (Evenks from Lena to Sakhalin), "Birars" ("Birarchens" - i.e. living along the rivers), "khundysal" (i.e. "owners of dogs" - this is how the deined Evenks of the Lower Tunguska called themselves), "salts" and many others, often coinciding with the names of individual Evenk clans.

At the same time, not all Evenki were reindeer herders (for example, the Manegry, who lived in the south of Transbaikalia and the Amur Region, also bred horses), and some Evenks were completely on foot or settled and were engaged only in hunting and fishing. In general, until the 20th century, the Evenki were not a single, integral people, but rather a series of separate tribal groups that sometimes lived at a great distance from each other. And yet, at the same time, they were connected by a lot - a single language, customs and beliefs - which allows us to talk about the common roots of all Evenks. But where do these roots lie?

Story

II millennium BC - I millennium AD - human settlement of the Lower Tunguska valley. Sites of ancient people of the Neolithic era of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tunguska.

12th century - the beginning of the settlement of the Tungus in Eastern Siberia: from the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the east to the Ob-Irtysh interfluve in the west, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Baikal region in the south.

Among the northern peoples not only of the Russian North, but of the entire Arctic coast, the Evenks are the most numerous. language group: on the

On the territory of Russia, more than 26,000 people live, according to various sources, the same number in Mongolia and Manchuria.

The name "Evenki" with the creation of the Evenki district has firmly entered the social, political and linguistic everyday life. Doctor of Historical Sciences V.A. Tugolukov gave a figurative explanation of the name "Tungus" - going across the ridges.

Tungus from ancient times settled from the coast Pacific Ocean to the Ob. Their way of life made changes in the name of the genera, not only on geographical grounds, but, more often, on household ones. Evenks living along the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk were called Evens or, more often, Lamuts from the word "lama" - the sea. The Trans-Baikal Evenks were called Murchens, because they were mainly engaged in horse breeding, and not reindeer breeding. And the name of the horse is “mur”. Evenk reindeer herders who settled in the interfluve of the three Tunguskas (Upper, Podkamennaya, or Middle, and Lower) and the Angara called themselves Orochens - deer Tungus. And they all spoke and still speak the same Tungus-Manchu language.

Most Tungus historians consider Transbaikalia and the Amur region to be the ancestral home of the Evenks. Many sources claim that they were driven out by more warlike steppe people at the beginning of the 10th century. However, there is another point of view. The Chinese chronicles mention that even 4,000 years before the Evenks were forced out, the Chinese knew about the strongest people among the "northern and eastern foreigners." And these Chinese chronicles testify to the coincidence in many ways of that ancient people - the sushi - with the later one, known to us as the Tungus.

1581-1583 - the first mention of the Tungus as a nationality in the description of the Siberian kingdom. The first explorers, explorers, travelers spoke highly of the Tungus: "helpful without servility, proud and brave." Khariton Laptev, who explored the shores of the Arctic Ocean between the Ob and Olenek, wrote:

“The Tungus surpass all those living in yurts with courage and humanity and sense.” The exiled Decembrist V. Kuchelbecker called the Tungus "Siberian aristocrats", and the first Yenisei governor A. Stepanov wrote: "their costumes resemble the camisoles of the Spanish grandees ..." But we must not forget that the first Russian explorers also noted that "they have stone spears and spears bone", that they do not have iron utensils, and "tea is brewed in wooden vats with red-hot stones, and meat is only baked on coals ... "And one more thing: "there are no iron needles and they sew clothes and shoes with bone needles and deer veins."

Second half of the 16th century - the penetration of Russian industrialists and hunters into the basins of the rivers Taz, Turukhan and the mouth of the Yenisei. The neighborhood of two different cultures was interpenetrating. The Russians were trained in the skills of hunting, survival in the northern conditions, they were forced to accept the norms of morality and the hostel of the natives, especially since the newcomers took local women as wives and created mixed families.

Gradually, the Evenk tribes were forced out by the Yakuts, Russians and Buryats from part of their territory and moved to Northern China. In the century before last, the Evenks appeared on the lower Amur and Sakhalin. By that time, the people were partially assimilated by Russians, Yakuts, Mongols and Buryats, Daurs, Manchus and Chinese. To late XIX century, the total number of Evenks was 63 thousand people. According to the 1926-1927 census, 17.5 thousand of them lived in the USSR. In 1930, the Ilimpiysky, Baikitsky and Tunguso-Chunsky national

the districts were united into the Evenk national district. According to the 2002 census, 35,000 Evenks live in Russia.

Life of the Evenks

The main occupation of the "foot" Evenks is hunting. It is carried out mainly on a large animal deer, elk, roe deer, bear, however, fur hunting for smaller animals (squirrel, arctic fox) is also common. Hunting is usually carried out from autumn to spring, in groups of two or three people. Evenk reindeer herders used the animals for riding (including for hunting) and for packing, milking. After the end of the hunting season, several Evenk families usually united and migrated to another place. Some groups were known to have sleds various types, which were borrowed from the Nenets and Yakuts. The Evenks bred not only deer, but also horses, camels, and sheep. In some places, seal hunting and fishing were common. The traditional occupations of the Evenks were the processing of skins, birch bark, blacksmithing, including to order. In Transbaikalia and the Amur region, the Evenks even switched to settled agriculture and cattle breeding. In the 1930s, reindeer herding cooperatives began to be created, and with them stationary settlements. At the end of the last century, the Evenks began to form tribal communities.

Food, housing and clothing

The traditional food of the Evenks is meat and fish. Depending on the type of occupation, Evenki also eat berries, mushrooms, and settled people - vegetables grown in their own gardens. The main drink is tea, sometimes with reindeer milk or salt. The national dwelling of the Evenks is the chum (du). It consists of a conical frame of poles covered with skins (in winter) or birch bark (in summer). In the center there was a hearth, and above it there was a horizontal pole, on which the boiler was hung. At the same time, various tribes used semi-dugouts, yurts of various types, and even log structures borrowed from Russians as dwellings.

Evenki traditional clothing: cloth natazniks, leggings, a caftan made of reindeer skin, under which a special bib was put on. The women's bib was distinguished by beaded decoration and had a straight lower edge. Men wore a belt with a knife in a sheath, women - with a pincushion, a tinderbox and a pouch. Clothing was decorated with fur, fringe, embroidery, metal plaques, beads. Evenk communities usually consist of several related families, numbering from 15 to 150 people. Until the last century, the custom was preserved, according to which the hunter had to give part of the prey to his relatives. Evenks are characterized by a small family, although earlier polygamy was common in some tribes.

Beliefs and folklore

Cults of spirits, trade and tribal cults, shamanism were preserved. There were elements of the Bear Festival - rituals associated with butchering the carcass of a dead bear, eating its meat, and burying bones. Christianization of the Evenki has been carried out since the 17th century. The influence of Buddhism was strong in Transbaikalia and the Amur region. Folklore included improvisation songs, mythological and historical epic, animal tales, historical and everyday legends, etc. The epic was performed

recitative, often listeners took part in the performance, repeating individual lines after the narrator. Separate groups of Evenks had their own epic heroes (soning). Constant heroes - comic characters were also in everyday stories. From musical instruments known harp, hunting bow, etc., from dances - a round dance (heiro, sadyo), performed to song improvisation. The games were in the nature of competitions in wrestling, shooting, running, etc. Artistic carving on bone and wood, metal processing (men), beadwork, silk embroidery, applique with fur and fabric, embossing on birch bark (women) were developed among the Eastern Evenks.

Evenki of China

Although it is generally believed in Russia that the Evenks live in Russian Siberia, in the adjacent territory of China they are represented by four ethnolinguistic groups, the total number of which exceeds the number of Evenks in Russia: 39,534 versus 38,396. These groups are combined into two official nationalities living in the Evenk Autonomous Huoshun Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia and neighboring Heilongjiang Province (Nehe County):

Orochons (literally "reindeer herders", Chinese 鄂伦春, pinyin: Èlúnchūn Zú) - 8196 people according to the 2000 census, 44.54% live in Inner Mongolia, and 51.52% live in Heilongjiang province, 1.2% - in Liaoning province. About half speak the Orochon dialect of the Evenki language, sometimes treated as a separate language; the rest are only in Chinese. At present, Evenk reindeer herders in China are a very small ethnic group, numbering only about two hundred people. They speak a dialect of the North Tungus language. their existence traditional culture is under great threat.
Evenki (Chinese: 鄂温克族, pinyin: Èwēnkè Zú) - 30,505 in 2000, 88.8% in Hulunbuir, including:
a small group of Evenki proper - about 400 people in the village of Aoluguya (Genhe county), who are now being moved to the suburbs of the county center; they call themselves "yeke", the Chinese - yakute, since they erected themselves to the Yakuts. According to the Finnish altaist Juha Janhunen, this is the only ethnic group in China that practices reindeer herding;

The Khamnigans are a strongly Mongolized group that speaks the Mongolian languages - the Hamnigan proper and the Hamnigan (Old Barag) dialect of the Evenki language. These so-called Manchurian Hamnigans emigrated from Russia to China within a few years of the October Revolution; about 2500 people live in the Starobargut khoshun;
Solons - together with the Daurs, they moved from the Zeya River basin in 1656 to the Nunjiang River basin, and then in 1732 partly went further west, to the Hailar River basin, where the Evenk Autonomous Khoshun was later formed with 9733 Evenks. They speak the Solon dialect, sometimes treated as a separate language.

Since both the Hamningans and the "Yakut-Evenks" are very small in number (about 2000 of the first and probably about 200 of the second), the vast majority of persons assigned in China to the Evenk nationality are Solons. Salons were estimated at 7,200 in 1957, 18,000 in 1982, and 25,000 in 1990.

Great people of the Evenk people

GAUDA

Aguda (Agudai) - the most famous historical figure early history Tungus, the leader of the Tungus-speaking tribes of the Amur region, who created the powerful state of Aisin Gurun. At the beginning of the second millennium, the Tungus, whom the Chinese called Nuizhi (zhulichzhi) - Jurcheni, stopped the domination of the Khitan (Mongolian tribes). In 1115, Aguda declared himself emperor, creating the empire of Aisin Gurun (Anchun Gurun) - the Golden Empire (Chinese "Jin"). In 1119, Aguda decided to start a war with China, and in the same year the Jurchens took Kaifeng, the capital of China at that time. The victory of the Tungus-Jurchens under the leadership of Aguda was won by a number of 200 thousand soldiers against a million Chinese troops. The empire of Aisin Gurun existed for more than 100 years before the heyday of the Mongol empire of Genghis Khan.

Bombogor

Bombogor - the leader of the union of the Evenk clans in the Amur region in the fight against the Manchu conquerors in the 17th century. Under the leadership of Bombogor, the Evenks, Solons, and Daurs opposed the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty in the mid-1630s. Up to 6 thousand warriors gathered under his banner, who fought for several years with the regular Manchu army. Only 5 years later, the Manchus were able to capture Bombogor and suppress the resistance of the Evenks. Bombogor was captured by the Manchus in 1640, brought to the capital of the Manchu emperor - the city of Mukden and executed there. With the death of Bombogor, the Evenks and all the peoples of the Amur region in China were subordinated to the emperor and the Qing dynasty.

Nemtushkin A.N.

Nemtushkin Alitet Nikolaevich is a famous Evenki writer and poet. Born in 1939 in the camp of Irishki in the Katangsky district of the Irkutsk region in the family of a hunter, he was brought up in boarding schools and his grandmother Ogdo-Evdokia Ivanovna Nemtushkina. In 1957 he graduated from the Yerbogachenskaya secondary school, in 1961 from the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute.

After studying, Alitet Nikolaevich comes to work in Evenkia as a correspondent for the Krasnoyarsk Rabochy newspaper. In 1961 he became the editor of the Evenk Radio and worked in journalism for over 20 years. His first book, a collection of poems Tymani Agidu (Morning in the Taiga), was published when Alitet Nikolaevich was still a student in 1960. Since then, more than 20 books have been published by Nemtushkin, which were published in Krasnoyarsk, Leningrad, Moscow, Yakutsk. Nemtushkin's poems and prose have been translated into dozens of languages former USSR and socialist countries.

The most significant and popular works Nemtushkin’s alitet are the poetry collections “The Bonfires of My Ancestors”, “The Breath of the Earth”, the prose books “I Dream of Heavenly Deer”, “Pathfinders on Deer”, “The Road to the Underworld”, “Samelkil - Marks on a Deer Ear”, etc. In 1986, A. Nemtushkin was elected executive secretary of the Krasnoyarsk Writers' Organization; in 1990 he was awarded the title of "Honored Worker of Culture"; in 1992 he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature; member of the Writers' Union since 1969.

Chapogir O.V.

A well-known composer, author and performer of many Evenk songs. Oleg Vasilyevich Chapogir was born in 1952 in the village of Kislokan, Ilimpiysky District, Krasnoyarsk Territory, into a family of Evenk hunters. From childhood, he heard folk tunes from his mother and other Evenks, which, together with a natural gift, later influenced his life choice.

After graduating from the eight classes of the Turin secondary school, Oleg Vasilievich entered the Norilsk Music College in the class of folk instruments of the northern department. Having received a diploma, in 1974 the future composer returned to his native Evenkia, where he began to create his works. He worked in the Ilimpiysky district department of culture, in an art workshop, in the district scientific and methodological center.

About the talent and activities of Oleg Chapogir, G.V. Shakirzyanova: “The works of an earlier period, written by him immediately after graduating from college, are mainly devoted to youth topics, they have an unstoppable rhythm and a clear pulse of time. Song works of the late period bear the imprint of a deep thoughtful attitude to folk poetry, to their historical roots, which noticeably distinguishes Oleg Chapogir's composing art from the work of other composers of Evenkia. Oleg Chapogir drew his inspiration not only from the unique beauty of the taiga nature, but also from the poems of our famous Evenki poets A. Nemtushkin and N. Oegir.” Oleg Chapogir is the author of over 200 songs and melodies. He released eight albums with songs about the Evenks and the North.

Atlasov I.M.

Atlasov Ivan Mikhailovich - a well-known public figure, one of the modern leaders of the Evenks, Chairman of the Council of Elders of the Evenk people of Russia. Ivan Mikhailovich was born in 1939 in the Ezhansky nasleg of the Ust-Maya region of Yakutia in the family of an Evenk hunter. From an early age, he worked on a par with adults, knowing the hardships of wartime. He graduated from the 7-year-old Ezhansky school, a secondary school in Ust-May. In 1965, he graduated from the Yakutsk State University with a degree in industrial and civil engineering, remaining to teach at the same faculty. Since 1969, he worked at the Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, then as Deputy Director of Yakutgorpishchetorg. From 1976 until retirement, he worked at Yakutagropromstroy, built the largest commercial and warehouse buildings of that time.

From the end of the 80s. 20th century is one of the founders of the social movement of indigenous peoples in Yakutia. For several years he headed the Association of the Evenks of the Republic of Sakha, in 2009 he was elected Chairman of the Council of Elders of the Evenk people of Russia. Initiator of a number of legislative acts of republican significance aimed at supporting indigenous peoples, an active advocate environment and legal rights of small ethnic groups.

ever Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger , , and Ethnologue evn ELCat IETF evn Glottolog See also: Project:Linguistics

Evenki language (Evenk language, obsolete . - Tungus language listen)) is the Evenki language, one of the languages of the Tungus-Manchu family. Distributed in Russia on the territory, mainly in Eastern Siberia - from the left bank of the Yenisei to Sakhalin Island (4.8 thousand people), as well as about 9 thousand people, including salts - in northern China (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang - Uighur Autonomous Region). Along with the Even and Negidal languages, it belongs to the northern group of the Tungus-Manchu languages.

It has northern, southern and eastern dialects with a large number of dialects. According to phonetic features, "hacking", "cutting" and "shaking" dialects are distinguished. The Solon dialect is sometimes distinguished as a separate language. The basis of the literary language is Nepa (since 1953 - Polygusovsky) dialect of the southern dialect. The Evenki language has a complex (so-called stepped) law of qualitative-quantitative harmony of vowels. By grammatical structure refers to languages of the suffix-agglutinative type. It has a developed system of cases, aspectual and voice forms of the verb, gerunds. The vocabulary reflects traces of close contacts with the Yakut and Buryat languages, there are borrowings from the Russian language.

The Evenki language is studied in preparatory groups kindergartens and is taught as a separate subject in elementary school, sometimes as an elective through the 8th grade. He also teaches at universities in St. Petersburg, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Ulan-Ude and national pedagogical schools in Igarka, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

The language is used as a means of communication between the Evenks of the older and middle generations. Educational literature and samples of fiction have been published. The newspaper "Evenk Life" is published in Tura with pages in the Evenki language. Also, materials in the Evenki language are published in the Yakut newspaper Ilken. Created in 2013 on the website of the National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with materials in Evenki, as well as in Even, Yukagir, Dolgan and Chukchi languages. The media library of the "Knigakan" project is gradually being filled with new documents (scanned books, textbooks, etc.).

Current situation[ | ]

According to the 1989 census, the number of Evenks in Russia was 29,957 people. Of these, Evenki was considered their native language by 26.1% (in 1979 - 20.7%). 45.1% were fluent in the Evenki language, 75.2% in Russian. The number of those who speak their native language varies depending on the region - for example, in the Amur and Chita (now the Trans-Baikal Territory) regions, 98% of the Evenks knew their native language, in the Irkutsk region - 47%, in Buryatia and Yakutia - 12-15%.

Bilingualism of Evenks (Russian and Evenki) is observed everywhere, in some cases - trilingualism (Russian, Evenki and additionally Buryat or Yakut). Many Evenki living in Yakutia, having adopted the Yakut language, have almost completely lost Evenki. The language of the Evenks living in Buryatia is heavily influenced by the Buryat language. A small number of Yakuts, Buryats and Russians who live with the Evenks know or understand the Evenki language.

According to the results of the 2010 census, 37,843 Evenks live in Russia, of which 4,802 people spoke the Evenki language. In 2002, the Evenk population in China was 30,500, but only 19,000 of them are fluent in their native language. At present, the total number of speakers is about 13,800 people, the number of Evenks is 80,000 people.

The loss of their native language by the Evenks is noted everywhere. The language continues to be used in everyday life only in some areas densely populated by Evenks by representatives of the older and middle generations.

Adverbs and dialects[ | ]

There are three dialects in the Evenki language: northern, southern and eastern. The main criterion for identifying adverbs is phonetic: the correspondence of sounds With / һ :

the southern (sibilant) dialect is characterized by a consonant With at the beginning and in the intervocalic position: sulaki"Fox", asi"woman";
the northern (spirant) dialect is characterized by a consonant һ in the same positions: Hulaki"Fox", aһi"woman";
in dialects of the eastern dialect in the initial position is found With and һ , in intervocalic - only һ : sulaki, hulaki"Fox", aһi"woman".

In some dialects there is a correspondence With / sh (shulaki"Fox", ashi"woman").

Northern dialects[ | ]

Southern dialects[ | ]

Shaking (hissing) subgroup:

Cutting subgroup:

Oriental dialects[ | ]

Literary language[ | ]

The process of formation of the literary Evenki language began in the 1930s with the creation of writing. Initially, it was based on the Nepa dialect of the southern dialect. In 1952, by a resolution of the Conference of the Peoples of the Far North, it was decided to take as a basis the dialects of the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin - in particular, Poligusovsky.

However, the Evenk literary language did not become a supra-dialectal language, which would be equally owned by the Evenks of different regions. The norms of the literary language have not yet been finally formed, and considerable dialect fragmentation remains.

But, despite the significant disunity of dialects, the dialectal differences are not so great and do not prevent Evenks from communicating with each other. Therefore, below, when describing phonetics, vocabulary and morphology, by default we will talk about the literary language based on the Polygus dialect. Dialectal features will be considered separately where necessary.

Writing [ | ]

The modern Evenki alphabet adopted in Russia:

A a	B b	in in	G g	D d	Her	Her	F	W h	And and	th	K to
L l	Mm	N n	Ӈ ӈ	Oh oh	P p	R p	C with	T t	u u	f f	x x
C c	h h	W w	u u	b b	s s	b b	uh uh	yu yu	I am

Linguistic characteristic[ | ]

Phonetics [ | ]

Vowels [ | ]

Currently, directional-local and directional-longitudinal are almost never used.

Numerals [ | ]

Verb [ | ]

The grammatical categories of the verb are mood, tense, aspect, modality, voice, person, and number.

1st group of personal verbal suffixes:

2nd group of personal verbal suffixes:

The Evenki language has the following voices: real, incentive, passive, mutual and joint.

The active voice, unlike all other voices, does not have suffixes forming it.
The imperative voice is formed with the help of suffixes -vkan, -vken, -vkon; after the stems ending in the consonant sound "n", the suffixes of the imperative voice - -mukan, -muken. The imperative voice can have verbs, participles and participles. Verbs, participles and participles in the imperative voice have the meaning of an action that one person forces another person to perform.
The passive voice is formed by adding a suffix to the stem of a verb, participle, participle -in(after stems ending in the sound "n", the passive voice suffix - -mu).
The mutual voice of the verb, participle and gerund shows that the action is performed by several persons and is directed mutually at each other.
Joint pledge shows that the action is performed jointly by several persons. Joint pledge suffix - - ice.

The type of a completed action in the Evenki language is not expressed by a suffix. The absence of an imperfective suffix indicates the perfection of the action.

Nuan ayat duku-ra-n.

He write well-PAST-3SG

"He wrote well"

Bi hav±-vi ete-m.

I work-gen cum-1sg

"I finished my work"

The type of imperfect action is formed with the help of suffixes -dya, -de, -de and expresses the continuation, imperfection of the action.

Postpositions [ | ]

Postpositions have only locative forms and almost all have a common origin with adverbs of place.

Sentences with indecomposable combinations[ | ]

Examples of indecomposable phraseological phrases:

Nuan dere-e achin bee bi-cheng.

He is a person-GEN without a person is-PAST.3SG

"He was an unscrupulous man"

phrase deree achin"unscrupulous" cannot be decomposed, since it literally means "without a face."

Bi oӈokto-tvi dyuleski suru-m.

I nose-refl go ahead-1SG

"I went where my eyes look."

The phrase “oӈoktotvi dyuleski” - “where the eyes look” cannot be decomposed, since it literally means “with your nose forward”.

Syntactically indecomposable phrases include phrases that include auxiliary words - postpositions.

For example:

Nuӈar-tyn ure khergi-de-dun bidet-re.

He-PL mountain bottom-side-REFL live-PRES

"They live under the mountain."

phrase ure khergidedun"under the mountain" is a syntactically indecomposable phrase; literally means "mountain", "on its lower side".

Syntax [ | ]

Participle as an independent predicate. In many Altaic languages, participial forms of a verb can act as predicates of an independent sentence, with an omitted copula and with a copula. These participles can be used with a bunch of bi "to be" with a subject of 1-2 persons. There are several opinions when an independent participial predicate is possible. Either an independent predicate can be a participle of antecedence, an ordinary participle and an impersonal-obligatory participle, or it is a participle of antecedence, simultaneity and habitual. Most likely, the participial form is used instead of the finite one in the case when the sentence in the text carries information of reduced importance (presupposition, not assertion).

Donoto-si-li-vki-l

freeze-DUR-INCH-PHAB-PL

"Freeze"

Baektyru-cha bi-∅-mche-v

shoot-PANT be-TENSE-COND-1SG

"I would shoot"

Vocabulary [ | ]

In Evenki there is a common Tungus name for snow - imanna(with options).

The deer occupies an important place in the life of the northern peoples. The Evenks distinguished their deer by their age, absence/presence, by the shape of their horns, by their disposition, behavior in the herd, and habits. In total, there are over 150 words describing deer and their characteristics.

The vast majority of vocabulary are dialect words, caused by the multitude of dialects and dialects of the Evenki language.

Colors [ | ]

Russian name	Evenki	Example
Red	hulama
Pink	hulamaptykin(lit.: "reddish")
Yellow	siama(also "brown")
Green	chulama
Blue	dictame
White	bagdam
The black	koonomo
Brown	siama(also "yellow")

Kinship system [ | ]

"Father" - amen; "mother" - enіn; "son daughter" - hute;
"elder brother", "uncle (younger brother of father or mother)" - akın; "younger brother", "younger sister", "grandson", "granddaughter" - nekun;
"grandfather", "uncle (older brother of father or mother)" - ama±ka±; "grandmother", "aunt (younger sister of father or mother)" - enēkē;
"husband" - eds; "wife" - asi; "father-in-law", "father-in-law" - etki; "mother-in-law", "mother-in-law" - atki; "son-in-law" - kutē; "bride-in-law" kukin
"brother-in-law (brother of wife)" - avus, "brother-in-law (husband's brother)" - hayas.

Typological characteristic[ | ]

Type (degree of freedom) of expression of grammatical meanings[ | ]

According to the type of expression of grammatical meanings, the Evenki language belongs to synthetic languages. The grammatical meanings of names are expressed using cases.

Bi ulgur-ve ulgu-che-ni-m

I story-acc tell-past-res-1sg

"I told a story"

The nature of the boundary between morphemes[ | ]

Suffix type agglutination. Word formation is also possible by alternating vowel sounds in a word:

Mu"water", moo-me"water", muddy"water", moo-ngi"belonging to water" mu-chi"containing water" mu-le-sin-muken"force to go for water."

moo-le-sin-de-m

water-carry-go-FUT-1.SG

"I'm going for water"

The formation of new meanings of words by alternating sounds in the Evenki language is much less common than word formation and inflection by adding suffixes.

Marking type in noun phrase and in predication[ | ]

In the name group[ | ]

Marking type - vertex.

tatkīt dun-n

school house- REFL

"school house"

deg dektylē-li-n

bird wing-PL-REFL

"bird wings"

In predication [ | ]

Marking type - dependent. The verb predicate always agrees in person and number with the subject.

Bi city-tu bi-che-in.

I city-dat be-past-1sg

"I was in the city"

Nungan dukuwun-ma duku-ra-n

He letter-Acc write-PRES-1SG.

He is writing a letter.

Nungan girki-nun-mi ulguchematche-che-v.

He is comrade-COM-POSS.1SG to talk

"He was talking to my friend"

Role encoding type[ | ]

The type of role encoding in the Evenki language is accusativity. The subject is marked as a word in the Nominative, the object is marked as an Accusative. Indirect addition precedes direct addition.

Ag single verb:

Bi tuksadya-cha-v.

I run-past-1sg

"I ran"

Double verb:

Bi bee-ve iche-che-v.

I'm a man-ACC see-PAST-1SG

"I saw a man"

Pt single verb:

Bi mel-cha-in

I wake up-past-1sg

"I woke up"

Basic word order[ | ]

SOV word order (subject-object-predicate):

Bi dukuvunma dukudya-nga-v.

I write a letter-FUT-1.SG

"I will write a letter"

Bright Features[ | ]

Phonetics [ | ]

In the Evenki language, there is a stepwise law of qualitative-quantitative harmony of vowels, in contrast to vowel harmony, which extends to the whole word.

Morphosyntax [ | ]

The restrictive meaning "only", used with nouns and numerals, is conveyed by the affix -rikta:

Noonan-rikte-l-ting

he-lim-pl-ps3pl

"Only They (spoke)"

The restrictive derivational affix is expressed in many languages by a particle with the meaning of restrictiveness or by a separate word. It follows that the inflectional affix -rikta- a striking feature of the Evinki language.

Affix -rikta in the name is in the same position as the affixes -tane and -tykin with the quantifier meaning "every". This position for the quantifier is fixed only in the Evenki language.

Evenk toponymy[ | ]

Evenk toponymy is spread over a vast territory: from the Yenisei in the zone -nga Evenk-Russian Dictionary. M., 1958 / // Sherwood - Yaya. - M. : Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - S. 203-204. -(

Tsintsius V. I. Evenki language // Languages of the world: Mongolian languages. Tungus-Manchu languages. Japanese. Korean. M., 1997;

in other languages

Links [ | ]

Evengus - site about language: textbooks, dictionary, phrase book.

EVENKI LANGUAGE (TUNGUS LANGUAGE)

- one of the Tungus-Manchu languages. Distributed in a vast but sparsely populated territory. taiga zone of Siberia from the left bank of the river. Yenisei to about. Sakhalin, small groups of Evenks are located in the north of the PRC and in the MPR. The number of speakers in the USSR is 11.7 thousand people. (1979, census), in the PRC ca. 20 thousand people, in the MPR approx. 3 thousand people In E. I. 3 dialects stand out: northern, southern and eastern, with a large number of dialects and dialects. Despite this diversity, these dialects are united by a complex of common features, which, however, are characteristic, however, to one degree or another of other Tungus-Manchus. languages, of which Solon and Negidal are considered by some scientists as dialects of E. Ya. Lit. the language was based on the Nepe, since 1953 - on the polygusovsky dialect of the south. adverbs. Writing since 1931 based on Latin, and since 1937 - Russian. charts. . Poppe N.N. Materials for the study of the Tungus language. L.. 1927; V a s i l e-v i ch G. M. Essays on dialects of the Evenk (Tungus) language. L., 1948; Konstantinova O. A., Evenki language, M.-L., 1964; Castren M. A., Grundziige einer tungusischen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Wor-terverzeichniss, St.-Petersburg, 1856. Vasnlevich G. M.. Evenk-Russian, dictionary, M.. 1958; Kolesnikova V. D., Konstantinova O. A., Russian-Evenk dictionary, L., 1960; S h i-rokogoroffS. M., A Tungus dictionary. Tokyo. 1944. E. A. Khelimsky.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Linguistic characteristics of the language

Phonological information. The Even language has 18 vowels and 18 consonants (in the dialects of Yakutia there are 17 consonants: they have lost the sibilant [c], which is a rare phenomenon, in the dialects of the Okhotsk region there are 17 vowels).
Morphology. According to its morphological structure, the Even language is suffixally agglutinative. In the sphere of the name, the category of number (singular and plural), case (in dialects from 11 to 15 case forms, in the written language 13 forms), and belonging are presented. Adjectives have concordant categories of number and case only in dialects of the Eastern dialect. Up to 10 digits of numeral names are distinguished, while some digits (restrictive, multiple, divisive numerals) can have a categorical subclassification due to diminutive and augmentative suffixes. Among personal pronouns there are 2 forms of 1 person plural. numbers expressing the meanings of exclusivity-inclusiveness. The verb has 4 forms of tense (present, past, future I and II), up to 8 forms of moods (some moods have their own temporal paradigms).
Semantic-grammatical information. The Even verb has up to 27 indicators expressing the nature of the course of the action, and special indicators of the reflexive, passive, causative, as well as forms of reciprocity and compatibility of the action. In the Even language, there are up to 11 participial forms, various participle forms according to morphological characteristics differ into 4 categories: 1) invariable; 2) variable in number; 3) changeable in persons and numbers and having only personal forms; 4) changeable in persons and numbers and having both personal and impersonal forms
Syntax information. The Even language, like all the languages of the Altai family and all the Tungus-Manchu languages, belongs to the languages of the nominative system. The word order in the SOV sentence, the definition precedes the one being defined. The system of service parts of speech is characterized by a branched system of postpositions, mainly expressing spatial relations, poor development of conjunctions and allied words, as well as a large number of particles expressing various shades of modal meanings. Analogues of complex sentences are participial and adverbial phrases, the coordinative connection between sentences is poorly developed. A distinctive feature of the syntax of the Even language is the presence of a voluminous system of various constructions with predicate actants, which vary greatly in volume and design between different, often very close dialects and dialects.

Sociolinguistic characteristics of the language

Legal status, current state of the language

The official status of the Even language is the language of the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. At present, the Even language does not belong to the title languages in any of the regions, since the Evens have not had autonomy in any of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation since the 1930s: the Okhotsk-Even Autonomous Okrug in the Khabarovsk Territory was abolished back in the 1930s. The Even language has the status of an official language in Yakutia, but this status gives grounds for its support only in the spheres of culture and education.

Writing and spelling

Writing for the Evens was created in the early 40s of the 19th century, when the Tauy priest, and later the Okhotsk archpriest Stefan (Popov) translated the Gospel of Matthew into the Even language and compiled the first primer and dictionary. In 1932-36. officially for the Even language, the alphabet was adopted on a Latin graphic basis (a variant of the Unified Northern Alphabet), however, in local publications, the alphabet on the Russian graphic basis was used. In 1937, the Even alphabet in the Latin script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, however, the Latin alphabet was used in the local press until 1939. The graphics and alphabet of the Even language after the introduction of the Cyrillic script were repeatedly reformed (1937, 1938, 1941, 1954, 1958), during which the ways of designating individual forms in writing changed, in 1958 3 additional letters “n with a tail” were introduced into the Even alphabet, o crossed out and o crossed out with dots (the last letter is used in less than 20 root morphemes). From the 60s of the 20th century. in Yakutia, their own version of Even graphics is used (in it, instead of the letter “n with a tail”, the ligature sign ng is used), in the 70s, the Even poet and linguist V.D. Lebedev came up with a draft of a new graphics, which proposed using language alphabet and graphic rules of the Yakut language. This proposal did not receive official support, although the Yakut alphabet is used by some Evens for personal records. The introduction of a new alphabet on the basis of the Yakut for the Evens is impractical due to the fact that this alphabet will be completely incomprehensible to Evens from other regions who are unfamiliar with the Yakut language and Yakut writing. The immoderate ambitions of the supporters of the introduction of the Yakut alphabet and the Yakut script of the Evens are determined by the desire to legitimize the consequences of the Even-Yakut language interference in the sphere of the Even written language. At present, in Yakutia, Chukotka and Kamchatka, local publications use various variants of the Even script, partially preserving the features of the Even graphic systems used in the 1950s, partly resulting from the Even-Yakut, Even-Chukot and Even-Koryak graphic interference; until the end of the 1980s. the use of local graphics options was due to technical reasons.

The basis of the written language in the 30s of the twentieth century. the so-called Olsky dialect of the Even language was established (the Even language of the environs of the city of Magadan, also common throughout the Okhotsk coast, in the upper and middle reaches of the Kolyma River, in Chukotka and in the Srednekolymsky region (ulus) of Yakutia). On the basis of this dialect, by the mid-1950s, a standardized written Even language was formed, which has signs of a processed literary language (the written language does not use dialect words and grammatical forms, even if they are present in the main dialect). This standardized written language is currently the language of educational literature, the language of local media (newspapers), translated fiction and processed traditional folklore; samples of original fiction are represented mainly by dialects. The written language of the Evens of Yakutia, which developed in the 60s-70s under the influence of the literary work of the Even writers (P. Lamutsky, V.D. Lebedev, V.S. Keimetinov, A.V. Krivoshapkin, etc.) is oriented towards local Even dialects and does not have uniform forms and norms. The written language of the Evens of Kamchatka was formed in the 80s independently on the basis of local dialects, for which the graphics of the Even language, used in 1940-1953, were adapted. Both regional versions of the written language based on Even dialects are used only in fiction and local periodicals, they are not used in school teaching of the Even language - textbooks for elementary and secondary schools are compiled using the accepted Even written language.

Fiction in the Even language has existed since the early 1930s. This period includes the prose of V. Sleptsov, P. Gromov, K. Babtsev, P. Tylkanov, prose and poetry of A. Cherkanov. the most famous were the poems and prose of N.S. Tarabukin (1910-1950), the author of two poetry collections and the book "My Childhood" published at least five times in the Even language and in translations into Russian and Yakut languages. In the future, Even poetry is presented in the poetry collections of P. Lamutsky (P.A. Stepanov), V.D. Lebedeva, V.S. Keymetinova (Bargachan), A.V. Krivoshapkina, D.V. Krivoshapkina, V. Koetmatti (V.A. Keimetinova), V.A rkuk (V.G. Belolyubskaya), as well as in several collections of improvisational songs by E.N. Side. The original prose in the Even language is represented by the books of A.V. Krivoshapkin and E.N. Side. The stories of Even women writers M.N. Amamich “Do not see off the flying birds with longing” (Magadan, 1977), M. Kerdeekene (U.G. Popova) “The Tale of Antiquity and the Steamboat with a Red Flag” (Magadan, 1982) and M.P. Fedotova "Naughty Nulgynet" ("Polar Star", 1997, No. 6) were written in Russian. Samples of different genres of Even folklore are known in the self-recording of even collectors and their own literary processing (K.S. Cherkanov, M.D. Dyachkov, E.N. Bokova, U.V. Kanyukova). In total, more than 120 books have been published in the Even language, representing both original literature in the Even language and translations, among which literature for children and fairy tales in artistic processing predominate. Samples of socio-political literature translated into the Even language are very few. In the 1930s, newspapers in the Even language were published in Magadan: Aidit Orochel (1935-36) and Orotty Pravda (1936-1941). Since 1990, a page in the Even language has been published in the newspapers of Chukotka, pages in the Even language appear sporadically in regional newspapers of various uluses of Yakutia; in the Bystrinsky district of the Kamchatka region, the newspaper Aidit is published with parallel texts in Russian and Even languages. Periodically, individual materials in the Even language were published in journal-type publications: "Pink Seagull" (Yakutia, 1991-1992), "Aiverette" (Chukotka, 1989-1995). The radio station "Gyavan" (Yakutsk) broadcasts in the Even language, and Chukotka district radio and television (Anadyr) periodically broadcasts separate programs in the Even language.

Public functions of the language

The Even language is commonly used orally as a means of communication within production teams engaged in traditional sectors of the economy (reindeer herding teams), as well as in everyday communication of older generations and, along with Russian, in communication of middle generations. Knowledge of the Even language among children is observed mainly in large families living in national villages or permanently in reindeer breeding brigades. The Even language in written form is used in teaching the native language in preschool institutions, in elementary school, in some areas - in secondary school; everywhere the Even language acts as a subject of teaching and is not the language of instruction even in preschool institutions. Original and translated fiction in the Even language, as well as printed editions of folklore texts, are distributed in a relatively narrow, socially and professionally limited circle of people - creative intelligentsia, teachers, methodologists, authors of textbooks, scientists.

The Even language is studied as a subject of instruction in elementary school in all regions where Evens live, in secondary school as a compulsory subject up to grade 11 in the Bilibinsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as an elective up to grade 9 in the Bystrinsky district of the Kamchatka region, Severo-Evensky district of the Magadan region and a number of regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The Even language is taught in a number of secondary specialized educational institutions - the Anadyr Higher Pedagogical School, in the Yakutsk Pedagogical School, in the college of the village. Chersky of the Nizhnekolymsky ulus of the RS (Y), as well as in higher educational institutions- in the Yakutsk state. University. M.K. Ammosov, in the Northern International University(Magadan), at the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, at the Russian State. Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen (Faculty of the Peoples of the Far North). During the period from 1926 to 1995, more than 70 textbooks on the Even language for elementary schools were published, in 1991 a textbook on the Even language for pedagogical schools was published. Tutorials in the Even language for secondary schools exist only for grades 5-6, for grades 7-9 textbooks on Even literature have recently been prepared.

Degree of study and history of language learning

The first information about the Evens was obtained by Russian explorers in the late 30s and early 40s of the 17th century. on the way from Yakutsk to the east in the direction of the Pacific coast - during this period, the ethnonym "Lamutki" is recorded in the documents (from the Evenk lamutkan"seaside inhabitant"), "Lamut people" as well as a large number of generic names of the Evens of the Western Okhotsk region. Language materials on the Even language have been known since the end of the 17th century (Even numerals in the notes of N. Witzen), a large number of words of the settled Even language were recorded in the 40s of the 18th century. ME AND. Lindenau, in the Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Dialects by P.S. Pallas (1787-1789) included materials on two Even dialects. Ethnographic materials about the Evens related to the 18th century. are contained in the “Description of the Irkutsk governorship” of 1792 (Novosibirsk, 1988), in the works of S.P. Krasheninnikova, Ya.I. Lindenau, G.A. Sarychev, in the 19th century. the ethnography of the Evens was described by G. Maidel, who recorded samples of language and folklore, N.V. Slyunin and V.G. Bogoraz, who wrote down a number of folklore texts and compiled the first scientific grammar of the Even language. Vocabulary materials on the Even language, collected at the beginning of the 20th century. P.V. Olenin, entered the famous "Tunguska Dictionary" by S.M. Shirokogorova (Tokyo, 1944). In the 1930s, the Even language was studied by V.I. Levin, in the 1940s, studies by V.I. Tsintsius, K.A. Novikova, since the 1960s, the Even language began to be studied and described by Even scientists V.D. Lebedev, V.A. Robbeck, H.I. Dutkin, since the 1990s - V.G. Belolyubskaya, S.I. Sharina, V.A. Petrova and others.

Literature in the Even language is available in the Magadan Regional Library named after A.S. Pushkin, the Magadan Regional Museum of Local Lore, as well as in the National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Despite the large number of monographic studies on the Even language, this language remains insufficiently described. Only the description of syntax corresponds to the modern level of science (A.L. Malchukov). most authoritative and Full description morphology is contained in the essay on grammar by V.I. Tsintsius, written in the 1930s-1940s and published in 1947. The study of the phonology of the Even language for a long time lagged behind the process of changing the Even graphics and orthography. There are no experimental phonetic studies of the sound structure of the Even language and its dialects. Dialects and subdialects of the Even language are not fully described. There are no authoritative and sufficiently complete bilingual dictionaries that would represent the material in the current Even script with a reflection of phonetic features.

Unpublished archival materials on the Even language are available in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the collections of V.I. Tsintsius, sound materials - in the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as in private collections, including the personal archive of the author.

Specialists and scientific centers engaged in the study of this language

Institute of Linguistic Research RAS
St. Petersburg, 199053, St. Petersburg, Tuchkov per. d. 9.
- Burykin Alexey Alekseevich, Ph.D. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
- Malchukov Andrey Lvovich, Ph.D.
Institute for the Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North SB RAS
677027, Yakutsk-27, st. Sosnovaya, 4.
- Robbek Vasily Afanasyevich, Ph.D.
Yakut State University named after M.K. Ammosova
Faculty of Philology, Department of Northern Philology. 677007. Yakutsk-7, st. Kulakovsky, 46.
- Belolyubskaya Varvara Grigorievna, Ph.D.
- Sharina Sardana Ivanovna, Ph.D.

Geography

Language

Name

Story

Life of the Evenks

Food, housing and clothing

Beliefs and folklore

Evenki of China

Great people of the Evenk people

GAUDA

Bombogor

Nemtushkin A.N.

Chapogir O.V.

Atlasov I.M.

Current situation[ | ]

Adverbs and dialects[ | ]

Northern dialects[ | ]

Southern dialects[ | ]

Oriental dialects[ | ]

Literary language[ | ]

Writing [ | ]

Linguistic characteristic[ | ]

Phonetics [ | ]

Vowels [ | ]

Numerals [ | ]

Verb [ | ]

Postpositions [ | ]

Sentences with indecomposable combinations[ | ]

Syntax [ | ]

Vocabulary [ | ]

Colors [ | ]

Kinship system [ | ]

Typological characteristic[ | ]

Type (degree of freedom) of expression of grammatical meanings[ | ]

The nature of the boundary between morphemes[ | ]

Marking type in noun phrase and in predication[ | ]

In the name group[ | ]

In predication [ | ]

Role encoding type[ | ]

Basic word order[ | ]

Bright Features[ | ]

Phonetics [ | ]

Morphosyntax [ | ]

Evenk toponymy[ | ]

Links [ | ]

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the EVENKI LANGUAGE (TUNGUS LANGUAGE) in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Variants of the name and self-name of the language

Genetic affiliation

Geography of language distribution

Language contacts

Number of native speakers

Presence of dialects

Linguistic characteristics of the language

Sociolinguistic characteristics of the language

Legal status, current state of the language

Writing and spelling

Public functions of the language

Degree of study and history of language learning

Specialists and scientific centers engaged in the study of this language