In the mid-1990s, debates in Russia on issues of national security and relations with European countries focused mainly on two issues: NATO expansion to the East and building special relations between the Russian Federation and the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union.
In assessing the situation, it should be remembered that at the beginning Russia showed a very tolerant attitude towards Poland's desire to join NATO, when this issue was discussed in August 1993 during the official visit of President B. Yeltsin to Warsaw, as well as towards the NATO program "Partnership for Peace". » (PIM). At that time, the Russian military and political establishment was confident that the program would be something like a "waiting room" in which the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Russia, could stay for an indefinitely long period of time, and then "... or the shah will die, or the donkey will die ... ".
The situation remained that way until NATO published the Partnership for Peace framework document in January 1994. Then the first massive anti-NATO campaign began in the Russian press. Many provisions of the framework document ran counter to the traditional attitudes of the Russian military and political elite. Particularly unacceptable to her were the demands formulated in paragraph 3 of the document, which called for transparency in the organization and planning of national defense, military budgets, and in ensuring democratic and civilian control of the armed forces.
On the whole, the issue of NATO expansion gave rise to many myths and illusions in Russian society, which were actively used by the political elite.
Nevertheless, in 1994 Russia and NATO cooperated quite fruitfully within the framework of IFOR in settling the Balkan crisis (in Bosnia and Herzegovina). At that time, Russia voted in the UN together with Western countries for a resolution condemning the policy of S. Milosevic. However, after the NATO bombing of Serbian positions in Bosnia, the then Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation A. Kozyrev was sharply criticized in Russia, he was accused of pursuing a pro-Western policy, and the "national patriots" called him a traitor to national interests.
In May 1995 Russia signed individual program partnership with NATO. It is characteristic that during the preparation of the document, Russian officials constantly insisted on the special status of the country, repeating over and over again that Russia cannot even be compared with other Eastern European states, which, however, NATO representatives ignored.
However, Russia did not take an active part in this program. This is primarily due to the fact that the Russian military leadership was not ready to cooperate as a “normal” and not a “great” military power, especially since now Russia involuntarily had to deal with representatives former countries Warsaw Pact, and now candidates for membership in NATO. Thus, the representatives of Russia again and again raised the issue of command and regarded as a humiliation the fact that Russian troops were in Bosnia and Herzegovina under NATO control. Of course, problems in financing the Russia-NATO cooperation program by the Russian side also played their role.
At the end of 1996, when Russian politicians realized that the process of NATO's advance to the East of Europe was irreversible, they began negotiations on signing a document between Russia and NATO, which to a certain extent would regulate the rights and obligations of the parties in the "expansion" process. The “Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between Russia and NATO” was signed in Paris in May 1997. According to the text of the document, both sides were proclaimed partners and Russia was given some, however, quite declarative guarantees. The French researcher wrote that this document “represents a compromise between the impossibility of recognizing Russia's right to veto NATO policy towards the CEE countries and the need to take into account Russia's geostrategic interests in the process of NATO expansion ... It also talks about creating a mechanism in case of a crisis automatic consultations between the North Atlantic Alliance and Russia. Not being able to prevent NATO expansion, Russia still believes that it has managed to establish itself as a recognized European power and receive significant political and military compensation: the prohibition of the deployment of conventional and nuclear weapons on the territory of new NATO members. The Americans are trying to minimize the significance of the signed act for Russian power. In fact, the obligations of the North Atlantic Alliance remain declarative, being neither contractual nor legally binding.”
As Russian experts note today:
“Moscow, due to its weakness, made a mistake by signing the Russia-NATO Founding Act in 1997. This document politically legitimized the further expansion of the bloc. In exchange, Russia has received a hitherto empty Russia-NATO Council and a handful of promises, empty or already broken.”
In addition, the significance of the Founding Act was immediately weakened by the signing at the Madrid NATO summit of the Charter of Special Partnership with Ukraine, which establishes the development of closer bilateral cooperation in the military sphere.
As a result, Russia and NATO do not appear to have become partners in reality. And both parties are responsible for this.
The West is responsible for:
· Supported democratic reforms in Russia mainly in words, without giving it any serious economic assistance. Conditional political support was received only by Russian leaders who created the illusion in the West that political and economic reforms in Russia were going well and in the “right direction”;
When deciding on a radical expansion of the North Atlantic Alliance, Western leaders did not want to take into account psychological features attitudes of Russians to NATO and to Russia's eastern neighbors, pragmatically using the difficult economic situation of the Russian post-Soviet society for "moving to the East".
The Russian ruling elite is responsible for taking the path of “minimizing the damage” from the NATO expansion process by not creating working and not using the existing institutions of cooperation with the alliance:
· when she practically withdrew from the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program;
· when it did not make full use of the Russia-NATO Founding Act.
In 1998, a new Balkan crisis began around Kosovo, which contributed to the fact that the "crisis of understanding" that had taken place in Russia-NATO relations in the previous period grew into a "crisis of confidence". During the Rambouillet talks, Russian politicians and diplomats supported the Serbs and, moreover, contributed to the formation of the Serbian side's illusion that Russia would certainly support Yugoslavia in the event of its "hard" confrontation with NATO.
Indeed, while approving UN Security Council resolutions 1199 and 1244, Russia nonetheless exercised its veto when the UN discussed granting NATO a mandate for a peacekeeping operation in Kosovo, thus raising hopes among the Yugoslav leadership. At the same time, in Russia, the official media did not provide any information about ethnic cleansing directed against the Kosovo Albanians, which contributed to the formation of an inadequate perception of the “Kosovo problem” in Russian society nnom opinion.
After the start of air strikes on Yugoslavia, Russian officials "tried on themselves the bombing of Belgrade" and without hesitation froze relations with NATO, explaining this by the fact that it was the Atlantic Alliance that violated the Russia-NATO Founding Act, that it carried out aggression against a sovereign state, that the leadership NATO did not take into account the Russian position.
“In Russia’s attitude towards the West, an important psychological fracture. A process has begun that has led to a deep alienation between Russia and NATO. For the first time since the Second World War in Europe, one country or group of countries attacked another,” Russian researchers note.
However, despite the validity of most of Russia's claims, it still gave the impression that some representatives of the Russian political and military elite were only waiting for an excuse to destroy relations between Russia and NATO.
It seems that the main reason for the confrontation Russia-NATO in the fact that in the second half of the 1990s the Russian political class was forced to seek hypercompensation for failures in the process of reforming the country, especially after the 1998 default. West and reanimate the "image of an external enemy" in order to achieve their own political goals and strengthen the legitimacy of the Russian authorities. There were, and still are, certain favorable opportunities for this. According to sociological surveys in Russia, since the second half of the 1990s, the majority of respondents share the opinion that the developed countries of the West are not interested in the economic rise of Russia, its entry into the circle developed countries(63%, according to 2002 data) and more than a third (36% in 2002) that Western states do not trust our country and are hostile towards it.
In general, the revival of anti-Westernism during this period and the appeal to Great Russian nationalism was the result of the inability of political elites and institutions to determine and implement measures that would meet the interests of Russia's security, the fruitful development of its relations with Europe in the economic, political, military and cultural fields. However, this did not lead to the consequences that the authorities expected.
The overall outcome of Russia's "Balkan policy" during the Kosovo crisis was negative:
1. The development of Russia's relations with the West suffered very serious damage.
2. China and India, with which some Russian politicians intended to create a so-called "strategic triangle", avoided building a military-political alliance with Russia.
3. The countries of Eastern Europe, which have not yet succeeded in joining NATO, have become much stronger "knocking on the doors" of the alliance. NATO's so-called "second wave of enlargement" is more real than ever, as Eastern European countries now have far more arguments to justify their persistence.
4. Russian economic interests in the Balkans have also suffered serious damage. In the 1990s, there has been an economization of foreign and security policy all over the world, which is largely in the interests of big business and transnational campaigns. It is also known that the fuel and energy complex of the Balkans is closed to Russia. It can be assumed that the Russian oil monopolies hoped that the Milosevic regime would protect their interests in Yugoslavia, so they pushed the Russian political elite to act in support of him - the result of the loss of even existing economic positions.
5. The CIS countries demonstrated during the anniversary NATO summit in Washington in the spring of 1999, to which Russia did not even send its representatives, that they distanced themselves from the Russian position, do not want to create a so-called anti-Western front and, on the contrary, are ready for further development of cooperation with NATO under the PIM program.
Exercise: on the basis of the proposed material (using it you also identified the reasons for the creation of NATO), or Internet sources, answer the following questions in writing:
1) How many countries are currently in NATO? List the main ones.
2) What bodies function within the framework of this organization?
3) What are the main activities of NATO?
NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Alliance(English) North Atlantic Treat Organization, NATO) is a military-political bloc that unites most of the countries of Europe, the United States and Canada.
Founded April 4, 1949 in the United States, with the aim of protecting Europe from Soviet influence. Then 12 countries became NATO member states: the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal. It is a "transatlantic forum" for allied countries to consult on any issue affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could endanger their security. Currently, 29 countries are members of NATO. The military expenditures of all NATO members together account for more than 70 percent of the world's total.
Already after the Yalta agreements (1943), a situation developed in which the foreign policy of the victorious countries in the Second World War was more focused on the future post-war alignment of forces in Europe and the world, rather than on the current situation. The result of this policy was the actual division of Europe into Western and eastern territories, which were destined to become the basis for future bridgeheads of influence of the USA and the USSR. In 1947-1948. the so-called. "Marshall Plan", according to which huge funds were to be invested by the United States in the European countries destroyed by the war. Thus, 17 countries that received assistance from the United States were integrated into a single political and economic space, which determined one of the prospects for rapprochement. At the same time, the political and military rivalry between the USSR and the USA for the European space was growing. On the part of the USSR, it consisted in intensifying support for the communist parties throughout Europe, and especially in the "Soviet" zone. Special meaning had events in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, which led to the resignation of the incumbent president E. Benes and the seizure of power by the communists, as well as in Romania and Bulgaria, the blockade of West Berlin (1948-1949), the deterioration of the socio-economic situation in other European countries . They allowed right-wing political regimes not included in the zone of occupation of the USSR European countries, develop a common position, rethink the problem of their security, designating a new "common enemy".
In March 1948, the Treaty of Brussels was concluded between Belgium, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France, which later formed the basis of the "Western European Union" (WEU). The Brussels Treaty is considered to be the first step towards the formalization of the North Atlantic Alliance. In parallel, secret negotiations were held between the United States, Canada and Great Britain on the creation of a union of states based on common goals and understanding of the prospects. joint development, different from the UN, which would be based on their civilizational unity. Expanded negotiations between European countries with the United States and Canada on the creation of a single union soon followed. All these international processes have ended signing on April 4, 1949 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which puts into action a system of common defense of twelve countries. Among them: Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, France. The treaty was aimed at creating a common security system. The parties were obliged to collectively protect the one who would be attacked. The agreement between the countries finally entered into force on August 24, 1949 after ratification by the governments of the countries that acceded to the North Atlantic Treaty. An international organizational structure was created to which huge military forces in Europe and around the world were subordinate.
Thus, in fact, since its foundation, NATO has been focused on countering the Soviet Union and, later, the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact (since 1955).
NATO's declared goals relate exclusively to security, freedom and democracy. This organization, created for defense purposes, sets itself the task of maintaining stability throughout the world, resolving geopolitical unrest, protecting democracy, human rights and post-World War II borders.
Summing up the reasons for the emergence of NATO, first of all, it is worth mentioning economic, political, social, the desire to ensure joint economic and political security, awareness of potential threats and risks for "Western" civilization played a big role. At the heart of NATO, above all, is the desire to prepare for a new possible war, to protect oneself from its monstrous risks. However, it also determined the strategies of the military policy of the USSR and the countries of the Soviet bloc.
Since the mid-90s of the last century, in connection with the end of " cold war"and the disappearance of the main source of threats - Soviet Union, NATO began to implement the policy of " open doors” in relation to the former countries of the socialist camp, expanding to the east, getting closer to the borders of Russia. The justification for this expansion was the conclusion made in the course of a special NATO study that there is a need and a unique opportunity to improve security in the Euro-Atlantic region without resuming the line of demarcation
· be the basis of stability in the Euro-Atlantic region;
· serve as a forum for consultations on security issues;
· to deter and protect against any threat of aggression against any of the NATO member states;
· promote effective conflict prevention and actively participate in crisis management;
· to promote the development of all-round partnership, cooperation and dialogue with other countries of the Euro-Atlantic region.
However, it should be noted that in recent decades, NATO has been using very dubious methods to achieve its goals. So, in 1995 and 1999, the armed forces of the alliance were used on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, and at the moment the phrase peacekeeping bombing has become just a catch phrase.
The North Atlantic Alliance is showing interest, including in the countries of Central and Central Asia, Middle East and Africa. NATO's traditional political adversaries are Russia and China.
The assignment was issued by Kolosova S.V.
slide 1
Institute of Economics, Management and Law (Kazan) Faculty of Economics Presentation on the discipline "WORLD ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS" Subject: "NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)" Students D101u department "Finance and Credit" Ryazanova M.V. Lecturer: Karmalskaya E.M.slide 2
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (eng.) OTAN - Organization du traité de l "Atlantique Nord (fr.) NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (rus.) NATO countries on the world map The official languages of NATO are English and French
slide 3
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an alliance designed to protect not only the power of a country, but also the values that this power is placed at the service of. NATO does not protect state sovereignty or someone's geopolitical interests, but a certain type of human culture and civilization.
slide 4
1949 April, after negotiations with the United States and Canada on the creation of a single North Atlantic Alliance, the Washington Joint Defense Treaty was signed. It was joined by: Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Norway, Portugal and the USA. 1948 March five Western European countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France signed the Brussels Treaty and created common system Defense NATO does not have its own armed forces. All countries participating in the military organization of NATO contribute their forces and equipment, which together constitute the integrated military structure of the Alliance. B The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949 in the state of Washington. Iceland is the only NATO member that does not have regular armed forces; this was one of the conditions for the country to join the organization. In Iceland, there is only a coast guard (BOHR). It was also decided to train Icelandic volunteers at bases in Norway to participate in NATO peacekeeping missions. In July 1966, France withdrew from the NATO military organization, remaining a member of the political structure of the North Atlantic Treaty. In 2009 she returned to all abandoned structures.
slide 5
Four more European states: Greece Turkey, Germany Spain 1952. and 1982 Poland Hungary Czech Republic March 12, 1999 Latvia Lithuania Estonia Slovakia Slovenia Romania Bulgaria joined NATO Now there are already 26 countries in NATO and applications of other countries for membership in this international organization are being considered. 2004
slide 6
West Germany joined. Saar was reunited with Germany in 1957, from October 3, 1990 - united Germany. NATO Member countries of NATO Greece From 1974 to 1980, Greece did not take part in the military organization of NATO because of tense relations with another member of the bloc - Turkey. Does not participate in the NATO military organization. Germany Spain
Slide 7
It was adopted on October 4, 1953 by the North Atlantic Council as the official symbol of the North Atlantic Alliance, after which a flag-raising ceremony was held in Paris. The NATO emblem is a white compass on a dark blue background. The circle symbolizes unity and cooperation, and the compass rose symbolizes the common path to peace.
Slide 8
NATO Headquarters is the political and administrative center of the Alliance and permanently hosts NATO's main political decision-making body, the North Atlantic Council. NATO Headquarters NATO / NATO Headquarters The headquarters is located in Belgium, in the north-eastern part of Brussels, on Boulevard Léopold III (Boulevard Léopold III, 1110 Brussels, Belgium). It hosts delegations of member countries, communication and interaction bureaus or diplomatic missions of partner countries.
Slide 9
NATO's highest political body which consists of representatives of all member states and holds its meetings under the chairmanship of the NATO Secretary General. The North Atlantic Council may hold its meetings at the level of foreign ministers and heads of state and government. Council decisions are taken unanimously. Between sessions, the functions of the NATO Council are performed by the Permanent Council of NATO, which includes representatives of all member countries of the bloc in the rank of ambassadors. North Atlantic Council (NATO Council)
slide 10
Military Planning Committee Since December 1966, the Military Planning Committee has become the supreme military-political body of the organization, which meets twice a year at its sessions at the level of defense ministers, although it formally consists of permanent representatives. Between sessions, the functions of the Defense Planning Committee are performed by the Standing Committee of Defense Planning, which includes representatives of all member countries of the bloc in the rank of ambassadors.
slide 11
The Secretary General is the chief official of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and has the status of an international civil servant. The Secretary General is responsible for leading the Alliance's consultation and decision-making process and ensures that decisions are implemented. NATO SECRETARY GENERAL Anders Fogh Rasmussen A statesman from a NATO member country becomes Secretary General. Appointed by member countries for a four-year term. Countries nominate candidates for this position and hold informal diplomatic consultations to select a suitable candidate. The decision is final when there is consensus on one candidate. At the end of a four-year term of office, the Secretary-General may be asked to extend that term for another year.
slide 12
Country Military Budget ($) Number of Armed Forces Tanks Air Force Navy Poison. weapons NATO member countries NATO USA France Great Britain 636000000000 59600330000 59300000000 1,426,700 389,000 640,000 11,500 4,000 636 7,140 780 527 5,681 496,120 Yes (2,100 b.y. ) Germany Italy 45200000000 37060000000 325 000 112 000 2 521 1230 1404 564 265 158 - Turkey Canada 22066134000 18695342000 613000 145000 3363 1114 562 370 370 240 - Spain - Spain is Spain 177000000 147000 552 315 215 215 215 215 215 -
slide 13
NATO NATO NATO countries NATO Poland Greece 12000000 11791000000 7934000000 74,100 12200 177600 152 236 1 723 17 45 418 55 122 224 - - Norway Belgium 5725000000 40000000 230000 39 420 165 142 120 44 22 - Dania 3497800000 3,5000 238 141 108 - 45 - - Romania 2900000000 90000 315 13 - Czech Republic 2170000000 12000 175 129 - - 48
"The Essence of the Caribbean Crisis" - The Cuban Revolution. Noon. Crucial moment. Tropical storm. Confrontation between two superpowers. US reaction. Permission. Aircraft engine. Exacerbation of the crisis. Accommodation. Khrushchev's letter. Most of the Soviet diplomats. Caribbean crisis. Historical meaning. Tense confrontation.
"Cold War" of the USA and the USSR - Communists of Eastern European countries. Causes of the Cold War. US creation of the Western European Union. Terms. Korean War. Foreign policy USSR and the Beginning of the Cold War. Dynamics of GDP and the USSR during the Second World War (billion). Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties. The purpose of the lesson.
"Cold War Politics" - USA and USSR. US spy plane scandal. Creation of NATO. U.S. forward-based assets. The threat of world war. US President Harry Truman. Aggravation. Operation plan. Beginning of the Cold War. socialist pluralism. Cold War. ideological confrontation. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
"Years of the Cold War" - Cuban Missile Crisis. Paradoxes. Iron curtain. Tension in the opposition of blocks. Restraining factor. Research results. Creation of a thermonuclear bomb. Representation of the main participants in the war. Creation of a bipolar world. Analysis of the circumstances of the beginning of the Cold War. Cold War. Confrontation between the USSR and the USA.
"The times of the Cold War" - Soviet radio stations. American leaders. Diagram. Construction of the Tagansky bunker. Cold War. Museum of the Cold War. Bunker scale. Cold War: Origins and Lessons. Bunker area. Warming. Extreme confrontation. Lessons from the Cold War. End of discharge. Students. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia.
"Caribbean Crisis" - 34th President of the United States From 1953 to 1961. The temperature inside ship holds often reached 50 degrees. The transition of ships took place in extremely difficult conditions. Soldiers were buried according to the maritime custom - they were sewn up in tarpaulin and lowered into the sea. The armed forces of Cuba were brought to full combat readiness and a general mobilization was carried out.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, the North Atlantic Alliance is the world's largest military-political bloc, uniting most of the countries of Europe, the United States and Canada. Founded April 4, 1949 in the USA. It is a "transatlantic forum" for allied countries to consult on any issue affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could endanger their security. One of NATO's stated goals is to provide deterrence or defense against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.
NATO members Founding countries, April 4, 1949 Belgium United Kingdom Denmark Italy Iceland Canada Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal USA France First expansion, February 18, 1952 Greece Turkey Second expansion, May 9, 1955 Germany Third expansion, May 30, 1982 Spain Fourth expansion, March 12, 1999 Hungary Poland Czech Republic Fifth enlargement, March 29, 2004 Bulgaria Latvia Lithuania Romania Slovakia Slovenia Estonia Next in NATO - Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine, Albania.
The highest political body of NATO is the North Atlantic Council (NATO Council), which consists of representatives of all member states and holds its meetings under the chairmanship of the NATO Secretary General. The North Atlantic Council may hold its meetings at the level of foreign ministers and heads of state and government. Council decisions are taken unanimously. Between sessions, the functions of the NATO Council are performed by the Permanent Council of NATO, which includes representatives of all member countries of the bloc in the rank of ambassadors.
Since December 1966, the Military Planning Committee has become the highest military-political body of the organization, which meets twice a year at its sessions at the level of defense ministers, although it formally consists of permanent representatives. Between sessions, the functions of the Defense Planning Committee are performed by the Standing Committee of Defense Planning, which is composed of representatives of all participating countries block in the rank of ambassadors.
The supreme military body of NATO is the Military Committee, consisting of the Chiefs of General Staff of NATO member countries and the civilian representative of Iceland, which does not have regular armed forces, and meeting at least twice a year for its meetings. The Military Committee has under its command the command of two zones: Europe and the Atlantic. The Supreme High Command in Europe is headed by the Supreme Commander (always an American General). Under his command are the main commands in the three European theaters of war: North European, Central European and South European. Between meetings, the functions of the Military Committee are performed by the Standing Military Committee.
The main bodies of NATO also include the Nuclear Planning Group, which usually meets twice a year at the level of defense ministers, usually before meetings of the NATO Council. Iceland is represented in the Nuclear Planning Group by a civilian observer. official languages NATO English and French, The NATO Council is headquartered in Brussels (Belgium).
