Summary Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov. Russian explorer Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov

OK. 1610 - ca. 1671

Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov was from under, once the largest center in the north of Russia, from where new lands were being developed beyond Stone Belt- Ural ridge.

In 1625, while still very young, Erofey and his younger brother Nicephorus went to Siberia in search of happiness, already having the start-up capital necessary for this kind of business. They sailed on cochs from to Mangazeya - a Russian settlement in the basin of the Taz River (now does not exist), where for several years all places more or less suitable for fishing proceeded, moving to the Yenisei, and from it to the Taimyr Peninsula. The money they had allowed them to hire hunters, whom Nikifor looked after, and Erofey was able to decide on the sovereign's service, to collect tax from the indigenous people - yasak.

In 1630 they returned as wealthy people. At that time, the news spread widely that another great river, the Lena, was discovered in Siberia, where there are exceptionally rich places for fishing. The first miners who got there returned in 1630 to Mangazeya with a fantastic booty of 2,000 sables, while managing to hide from taxation. Dozens and hundreds of enterprising people, including the Khabarov brothers, reached out to Lena.

Within 6-7 years, they bypassed the entire current one, and their capital only increased. In the end, tired of the wandering life, Khabarov decided to settle down. He hired people and began to clear land for arable land in the area. The harvest was so good that the administration immediately took away this site and handed it over to people closer to it. Khabarov settled in the Kirenga region and here in 1642 he sold about 15 tons of rye flour from the harvested crop, which was highly valued there.

In Russia, people have always coveted someone else's good, especially representatives of the authorities. Khabarov, on false charges, was sent to prison, where he was kept for almost three years, subjected to torture and blackmail. He resisted and, having been released, he again took up the grain trade.

Having learned about the new lands, Khabarov proposed to the Yakut governor Frantsbekov, who replaced his ill-wisher Golovin, his plan for the development of the Amur region. Franz-bekov not only gave permission for the campaign, but also entered into a share, investing a lot of his own money in the new event, in addition to the fact that Khabarov was credited from the treasury. But the main expenses were still borne by Khabarov. He hired 70 people - Ryazanians, Volzhans, Pomors and Don Cossacks, with whom he signed a contract for three years. Everyone received money in advance for the purchase of food, clothing and footwear for a huge amount at that time - 3,500 rubles. Weapons, ammunition and armor were obtained from the treasury on the terms of their payment upon return. The estimated production in the fields was to be divided in half, from military operations from a third - directly to the participants, the rest to the organizers - to creditors and to the treasury.

In the autumn of 1649, they set off, choosing a different route than their predecessor Poyarkov. Khabarov went much further west, ascending the Olekma, a tributary of the Lena, then along its tributaries, then dragging into the rivers of the Amur basin, where they arrived in winter. In the spring they sailed along the river, but the cities on their way turned out to be empty, abandoned in a panic by the locals. I managed to contact Prince Levkay, the owner of these places, but he did not go to negotiations. Only in the fifth city on their way, well fortified and with large food supplies, did they meet one woman who did not have time to escape.

Khabarov urgently left for support: the country lying in front of him could be conquered, but his detachment was clearly not enough for this. He hired 117 more eager people and a governor, sent 20 Cossacks with Tretyak Chechigin at the head. Already with a replenished detachment, Khabarov took the city, where he settled for the winter of 1650-1651. It was the first Russian settlement in Far East.

In early June 1651, they again sailed along the Amur. A few days later, on the way, they met the fortified town of Prince Guygudary, which they took by storm, using artillery. Up to 700 defenders of the city died and 250 were taken prisoner. In early September, Khabarov's detachment overcame Dauria and entered the possession of the Duchers and Natks (Achans). Below the mouth of the Ussuri River, they wintered on the right bank of the Amur. In March, the Manchus tried to take them by storm, but were repulsed.

In April, Khabarov and his men sailed up the Amur in the opposite direction. In mid-May, they met with a detachment of 83 people who were coming to their aid. In August, Khabarov stopped for the winter against the mouth of the Zeya, on the right bank of the Amur. But in mid-August, part of the detachment rebelled and went to the lower reaches of the Amur. Khabarov with the remaining people overtook them and pacified the rebellion. We had to spend the winter here.

In 1653 Khabarov returned to

One of the most famous explorers northern Russian lands is Yerofei Khabarov. Thanks to his efforts, many new territories were discovered, which later began to be used for economic purposes.

short biography
Daurian campaigns
Proceedings in Moscow
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short biography

The homeland of the famous explorer was Veliky Ustyug, but the exact date of his birth is unknown, presumably - 1603. In his youth, together with his older brothers, he was engaged in fur trade, salt production.

In 1641, Khabarov settled at the mouth of the Kirenga River, where he built a mill and began to grow bread. The prosperous life of Khabarov did not give rest to the local governor - Pyotr Golovin, who constantly increased his taxes. As a result, his greed increased so much that he took away the mill and all his household from Khabarov, and sent the landowner himself to jail. Khabarov was released from prison only in 1645.

Rice. 1. Erofey Khabarov.

Three years later, Dmitry Frantsbekov took the place of the old governor. By that time, Yerofey became aware of the riches of the Daurian territories, and he asked the new governor to form a detachment for an aggressive campaign. The governor agreed, and helped Khabarov equip the expedition: he supplied necessary quantity food, weapons, and allocated money at interest.

Daurian campaigns

In 1649, Khabarov led a detachment of 70 people and went on a campaign. His route ran up the Lena and Olekma rivers, and further along the Amur, to the Daurian settlement of Albazino.

Proceedings in Moscow

In the summer of 1653, the tsar's envoy Dmitry Zinoviev arrived on the Amur. His tasks included control over the entire Dahurian land. On the spot, he received many complaints about Khabarov from service people who assured that he mistreated the local population, was especially cruel to the Cossacks of his detachment, but most importantly, he significantly embellished the wealth of Dauria and Manchuria, in order to thereby encourage the king to conquer new territories.

Zinoviev immediately responded to these complaints: Khabarov was removed from command of the detachment and arrested, all his property was described and confiscated, and he herself was sent to Moscow.

Proceedings in the Khabarov case took place in the capital, in which the leader of the Cossacks was fully acquitted, with the full return of his property.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, amazed by the discoveries and numerous merits of Khabarov, granted him the rank of "boyar son" and sent him to Siberia as the manager of several settlements.

After a while, a large regional city was created on the territory of the Far East, which was named after the famous explorer - Khabarovsk.

Rice. 3. Khabarovsk.

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When studying the report on the topic "Erofey Khabarov", we got acquainted with the years of life of the famous Russian traveler and explorer of the Daurian territories. We found out what Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov discovered, and what significance his discoveries had in the further development of the northern lands.

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Khabarov Erofey Pavlovich is one of the most famous explorers of Russian territories. Thanks to his work, it was discovered a large number of new lands that began to be used for agricultural purposes. The discoverer of a number of salt deposits. Today we will talk about what an amazing life Yerofey Khabarov lived. What did this man discover, and what mark did he leave in the history of our country.

The birth

To date, it is not known exactly where the explorer was born. The only thing we managed to find out for sure was that it happened in the Votlozhma volost.

According to some ethnographers of the last century, there are three options for the villages where Khabarov was born:

the village of Kurtsevo;
the village of Dmitrievo;
the village of Svyatitsa.

But the theory of the Leningrad scientist Belov that the birthplace of Khabarov is the village of Dmitrievo was refuted at the beginning of the 21st century. This is due to the fact that the modern territory of the settlement at that time was not part of the Votlozhma volost.

Brief biographical information

Researcher Erofey Khabarov (life years 1603-1671) died at the age of 68. During this time, he managed to leave a huge mark in history.

Khabarov was a peasant, but despite all the difficulties that fell on the shoulders of this category of the population, he did not stop dreaming about traveling.

At the age of 25, his dream finally came true. Leaving a fairly large farm, he, along with other wealthy villagers, fishermen, hunters, Cossacks and just adventurers, went beyond the territory of the Stone Belt.

In 1628 he had already arrived at the Yenisei. In this territory, the young man quickly got used to and began to engage in his usual arable farming, trade became his circle of interests. After some time, Erofei entered the military service in Yeniseisk.

After graduation military service Erofey Khabarov, short biography which is presented to your attention in the article, together with his brother Nicephorus wanted to return to his homeland, but because of the persecution of the Vologda and Ustyug settlers, the brothers decided to go to Siberia. At the new place of residence, the future researcher again engaged in trade, and within a short period of time became a fairly wealthy entrepreneur.

When rumors appeared on the territory of Siberia about natural resources near the banks of the Lena River, Khabarov, together with a small detachment, went to explore the new territory.

Getting into jail

After moving to the banks of the Lena River, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov (everyone who is interested in the history of our country knows briefly about his life) decided to engage in fur trade and therefore traveled along all tributaries of the river.

In 1639, he was seriously interested in salt springs, which were placed near the mouth of Kuta. Here he decided to stop. Since the man got acquainted with the technology of making salt back in his homeland, the only thing left for him was to buy a plot of land and build wells and varnits on it. Soon Khabarov set up trade in bread, salt and other necessary products.

But since the man did not love long time stay in place, then after 2 years he decided to move to the mouth of the Kirenga. On this territory, he also created a small enterprise with salt production, which developed very quickly.

Khabarov Erofei never spared money and food for the poor and needy. One day, the then-famous military leader Ivan Golovin (the governor of the settlement where the researcher lived) asked Khabarov for three thousand poods of bread on credit for his detachment. But over time, he not only did not return what he had taken, but also, with the help of force, took away from Khabarov his saltworks and land with sown grain, and sent the researcher himself to prison. The man managed to get out only in 1645, but all his enterprises had already been seized.

Daurian expedition

In 1648, Erofey Khabarov, whose photo, as the reader himself understands, has not been preserved since then, heard that there was a huge amount of natural wealth on the territory of Dauria and there was an opportunity to build significant capital. Since the man had neither the means nor the desire to go to the new territory on his own, he decided to take advantage of the support of the new governor of the settlement, Dmitry Frantsbekov.

Having painted the governor all the advantages of this expedition, Erofei Khabarov received a loan of state-owned weapons (even a few cannons were included), equipment for military operations and a number of agricultural supplies. From his own financial resources, Frantsbekov allocated a small amount to each member of the expedition. In order for Erofey and his assistants to be able to cross the river, the governor provided them with a ship taken from the industrialists from Yakutia. From the same merchants, bread was taken in such quantity that it was enough to feed 70 people (this is the number of people who were part of Khabarov's detachment).

River crossing

Khabarov Yerofey, having learned how Frantsbekov found all the necessary equipment for his expedition, decided not to delay his departure, as he was afraid of discontent from the Yakut merchants.

In 1649, the explorer's detachment was already heading towards the mouth of the Tungir along the Lena and Olekma rivers. On the way, they were caught in frost, so the expedition members were forced to make a stop.

At the beginning of January 1650, the expedition members got into the sledges and sailed along the Tungir in a southerly direction.

Having crossed the spurs of the Olemkinsky Stanovik, the detachment reached Urka (after a period of time, a railway and a settlement named after Khabarov were built there).

Land exploration

The inhabitants of Daura learned about the approach of Khabarov's detachment ahead of time, therefore, after collecting their belongings, they left their habitat. Thus, the participants of the campaign arrived in the deserted city.

Having explored the city, Khabarov and his assistants discovered about a hundred large houses with wide windows. According to calculations, at least 50 people could live in one such house. Also on the territory of the settlement there were deep pits in which stocks of bread were hidden.

Then the men decided to go to the banks of the Amur. On their way they met several settlements, which were also empty. In one of these dwellings, the members of the detachment found a woman who told that on the other side of the river there was Big city whose ruler has a strong army and untold riches. She described Manchuria.

Another expedition

Having received information from the woman, Khabarov decided to leave 50 people from his detachment in the developed territory, and he, along with the remaining people, went back to Yakutia. In the late spring of 1650, he reached his goal.

On the way back to Yakutia, the researcher was engaged in drawing up a detailed drawing of the territory of Dauria, which was then sent to Moscow.

It was this drawing that was the basis for creating maps of Siberia in the 17th century.

In Yakutia, Khabarov began to gather a new detachment, seducing people with the innumerable riches of the lands of Dauria. As a result of this propaganda, he managed to gather 110 people. At the same time, 27 of them were Frantsbekov's henchmen. The detachment was equipped with three guns.

At the beginning of the autumn of the same year, Erofey again returned to the banks of the Amur.

Aggressive actions

Arriving on the territory of Dauria, the researcher found the people who remained here near the walls of the Albazin fortress, where they fought with the locals. Seeing help from Khabarov, the natives decided to retreat. But Erofey's people caught up with them and took them prisoner.

Erofey Pavlovich decided to make a base camp on the territory of the Albazin fortress. It was from there that he oversaw attacks on local residents. It is worth noting that the members of the detachment took Daurian women prisoner and divided them among themselves.

Exploration of the banks of the Amur

At the beginning of the summer of 1651, Khabarov and his people began to explore the expanses of the Amur. Initially, the squad members saw only abandoned settlements, but after a few days, they reached a well-fortified city. Behind its walls, a whole detachment of Daurian warriors prepared for the fight. But, using cannons, Khabarov's detachment overcame the obstacle and captured the city.

After that, the researcher began sending messengers to various settlements of Dauria so that the local residents came under the control of the Russian tsar and began to pay tribute to him. But most of the locals rejected the offer, because they were subjects of Manchuria and did not want to pay tribute to another ruler.

Having obtained horses, Khabarov's detachment moved on. On the territory near the Zeya River, another settlement was captured by the explorer's people. Erofey Pavlovich expected to receive a huge tribute from the prisoners, but the locals provided him with only a few sables, promising that they would give everything else by autumn. It would seem that relations between the Khabarov detachment and the local residents improved, but literally a few nights later, the indigenous settlers fled. This angered the explorer and, having burned the captured fortress, he went on.

Starting from the mouth of the Bureya, there were territories inhabited by goguls - a people similar to the Manchus. They were also captured and robbed by Khabarov's people.

Nanai territories

In September, the people of Khabarov reached new territories and stopped in one of the large villages. He sent one part of his detachment of men to fish. The locals took advantage of this and attacked them. But they failed to get a victory, having lost more than 100 men, they decided to retreat.

In response to such an encroachment, Khabarov took up the fortification of the settlement and stayed in it for the winter. It was from there that the explorer's people went to the locals, robbing them or taking tribute.

In the spring of 1652, Khabarov with people was attacked by a huge detachment of Manchu warriors, about 1000 people. But the attackers were defeated.

Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov understood that the number of his people would not be enough to capture Manchuria, so immediately after the ice on the river melted, he left the wintering place and went against the current.

Discord in the squad

Having crossed the mouth of the Sungari River, Khabarov and his people met the Russian auxiliary detachment. But even this did not make him return to conquer the territory of Manchuria, since he found out that the ruler of this territory had gathered 6,000 troops against him.

In early August, near the mouth of the Zeya River, part of the Khabarov detachment rebelled, people did not want to just retreat from the target, therefore, having stolen 3 ships, they fled. Moving across the expanses of the Amur, they were engaged in robbery of nearby territories. Having reached the Gilyak land, they decided to create their prison there and withdraw the duty from the Daurs.

But Khabarov did not like this turn of the situation, therefore, having reached this prison, he destroyed it. The traitors promised to surrender on the condition that they were left life and booty, but Erofey Petrovich did not agree to an agreement and not only took the booty, but also beat the traitors almost to death.

Another wintering

Having eradicated the traitors, Khabarov remained on the territory of the Gilyatsky land for the winter. In the spring of 1653, he returned to Dauria, to the mouth of the Zeya River, where he stayed throughout the summer. During this period, his people traveled to the territories adjacent to the Amur and collected tribute.

A little later, the ambassador of the Russian tsar arrived to Khabarov and other participants in the campaign, who brought them awards. He informed Erofei Petrovich that he no longer had the right to manage the detachment, and was removed from business. After the objections of the researcher, he was beaten and sent to Moscow.

Zinoviev deprived the man of everything.

Meeting with the king

In Moscow, Erofey Khabarov, whose biography is interesting to his contemporaries, appeared before the tsar. He gave him a fairly good reception and ordered Zinoviev to return all the property of Erofei Petrovich.

The researcher received the title of "boyar son". The tsar gave Khabarov the opportunity to manage several settlements located on the territory near the Lena River, and presented several villages in Eastern Siberia. He duly appreciated the contribution of the researcher.

Over time, a large region was created on the territory of the Far East, the center of which was named Khabarovsk.

The explorer spent his last years on the territory modern city Kirensk (Irkutsk region), according to modern researchers, it is there that the grave of this great man is located.

Erofei Khabarov (you learned briefly about this person from the article) really deserves respect, because, despite all the hardships of life, he was able to reach great heights and leave his name in history.

) is a Russian explorer, traveler and entrepreneur. Comes from Cossacks, peasants of the Ustyug district of the Vologda province. Vasily Poyarkov's successor. Passed the entire Amur on ships, built a fortified prison.

Biography

Place of Birth

Disputes about the birthplace of Erofei Khabarov have been going on for a long time. The main options for the place of birth: the village of Dmitrievo, the village of Kurtsevo and the village of Svyatitsa. The latter is the most suitable place.

The first option for the birthplace of Khabarov was the village of Dmitrievo. The founder of this theory was the Leningrad scientist M. I. Belov. He studied many documents and considered the birthplace of Khabarov and the current village of Dmitrievo in the Nyuksensky district and did not pay attention to an important fact: the village of Dmitrievo in the old administrative division was not part of the Votlozhma volost.

For this, the Moscow scientist G. B. Krasnoshtanov was hooked. He studied in more detail the documents of those times, as well as documents stored in the Moscow archives, which Belov did not pay attention to.

As a result of Krasnoshtanov's work, it was established that Yerofey Khabarov was born in the village of Dmitrievo, Kotlassky district, Arkhangelsk region, which was washed away by one of the floods of the Northern Dvina. The Khabarov family moved to the village of Svyatitsa (hence the nickname - Svyatitsky), which eventually became part of the current village of Kurtsevo. Hence the second point of view.

Early activities

In 1625 he made his first Siberian trip on a ship from Tobolsk to the Taimyr Peninsula, to Mangazeya.

In 1628, at the head of an expedition along portages and rivers, he crossed to the Khetu River.

In 1630 he participated in the voyage from Mangazeya to Tobolsk.

Since 1632, he lived in the upper reaches of the Lena River, where he was engaged in buying up furs.

In 1639 he discovered salt springs at the mouth of the river. Kuty, where he built a salt pan. Currently, this place is the city of the Irkutsk region.

Conquest of the Amur region

In 1641, Khabarov built a mill near the mouth of the Kirenga River. After a short time, Khabarov began to experience pressure from the governor Pyotr Golovin, who demanded an increase in the volume of the crop, which Khabarov gave him by agreement. Later, Golovin took all the property of Khabarov and put him in the Yakut prison, from which he left only in 1645.

In 1648, Peter Golovin was replaced by voivode Dmitry Andreevich Frantsbekov. Khabarov turned to him with a request to send a detachment to the Daurian lands, Frantsbekov agreed. He ordered to send a detachment of Cossacks under the command of Khabarov, in addition - to issue military equipment and weapons on credit, and also gave money to the participants of the campaign at interest.

In 1649-1653. Khabarov with a detachment sets off from Yakutsk on a campaign along the Amur from the confluence of the Urka River to its lower reaches. The detachment of Khabarov won numerous victories over the local Daurian and Duchersk princes, capturing many prisoners and cattle. In this campaign, Khabarov compiled the "Drawing of the Amur River", which was the first European schematic map of the Amur region. So, in August 1651, the Cossacks of Khabarov came to the mouth of the Zeya River, then to the mouth of the Bureya, conquering new tribes. After wintering in the Achansky prison, which was attacked in the spring by a large Manchurian detachment, Khabarov moved along the Amur in the spring, since it was impossible to further capture the Amur region with his small detachment. Above the mouth of the Sungari in June 1652, Khabarov met a Russian auxiliary party on the Amur, but, having learned that the Manchus had gathered a six thousandth army against him, he continued his way up the river.

Riot. appeasement

In April 1652, at the entrance to the Khingan Gorge, Khabarov met a detachment of Cossacks led by the Yakut serviceman Tretyak Chechigin, who were returning from Yakutsk with gunpowder, lead and an auxiliary detachment.

It turned out that Chechigin had sent ahead of his main detachment a small reconnaissance detachment led by Ivan Nagiba, who was supposed to discover Khabarov's detachment, but Nagiba did not meet with Khabarov. The Cossacks wanted to sail down to search for their missing comrades, but Khabarov resisted their desire and continued on his way up the Amur. This circumstance aroused displeasure among the Cossacks and on August 1, 1652, a split occurred in the Khabarov regiment: 136 people, led by Stenka Polyakov and others, sailed back. They appeared in the Gilyak land, in which they began to act very successfully. Khabarov did not accept the rebellion and swam after the rebels, appearing on September 30 of the same year at the prison built by the rebels. Khabarov ordered to build a winter camp in the immediate vicinity of Polyakov's Cossack prison, and then ordered to build cannon roosts and start firing at the prison. The Cossacks of Polyakov, who had settled in the prison, did not dare to answer the fire, and Khabarov began preparations for his assault. However, when Polyakov's Cossacks saw that 12 of their comrades, caught outside the prison, were beaten to death with sticks, they decided to surrender themselves. Not believing Khabarov at his word, the Poles concluded a written agreement with him, in which he pledged not to kill or rob them, and also “ do not lose sovereign yasak amanats". However, the four leaders of the rebellious Cossacks, including Polyakov, Khabarov " planted in iron", and ordered the rest to be beaten with batogs" and from Evo, Yarofeev, a lot of beatings and torments died". On February 7, 1653, the captured prison was broken down and burned by "blacksmiths for coal and firewood" by order of Khabarov.

Suspension of Khabarov

In August 1653, the Moscow nobleman Dmitry Ivanovich Zinoviev arrived on the Amur with a royal decree to prepare everything necessary for the army, which was supposed to be sent to Dauria under the command of Prince I. Lobanov-Rostovsky, and “ inspect the whole Daurian land and him, Khabarov, to know". Dissatisfied with Khabarov, the Cossacks and service people filed a petition against Yerofei Khabarov to Zinoviev, accusing him of sending false reports to Yakutsk and embellishing a lot in his stories about Dauria and Manchuria in order to encourage the government to conquer these lands. In addition, it turned out that Khabarov was very unfriendly towards the local tribes and peoples who fled from him, as a result of which the fertile land was not cultivated and yasak from the tribes could not be removed. Zinoviev was also informed about Khabarov's harsh attitude towards the Cossacks of his own detachment.

The final clarity on the essence of the events that took place on the Amur through the fault of Khabarov was introduced by the "Famous petition Stenka Polyakova and comrades", submitted to the tsar's envoy on September 6. The result of the hastily conducted investigation by Zinoviev was the removal of Khabarov from the management of the Cossack detachment, his arrest and further transfer to Moscow. All his property was confiscated and described. Instead of Khabarov, Zinoviev appointed Onufry Stepanov Kuznets as the official on the Amur.

In December 1654, Zinoviev and Khabarov arrived in Moscow, where a detailed investigation of Khabarov's actions began. As a result of this trial, the leaders of the "rebellion" against Khabarov were fully justified. Khabarov filed a complaint against Zinoviev, and a new trial began, which ended in the fall of 1655 in favor of Khabarov.

Petition to the sovereign

In 1655, Khabarov submitted a petition to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, in which he listed in detail his merits in the development of the Siberian and Daurian lands. The tsar respected Khabarov's request only partially: no monetary salary was given, but for many years of service he was elevated in rank - he received the title of son of a boyar, and was sent to Siberia to manage the Ust-Kut volost.

In 1667, Khabarov came to Tobolsk on business and on November 15 filed a petition with the voivode P.I. set up cities and prisons and start arable plowing, from which the sovereign will profit". What answer Khabarov received is unknown, just as his further fate is unknown.

The place of death is also not known for certain. Last years he spent his life in Ust-Kirenga, a prison on the Lena River (now a city in the Irkutsk region), as a result of which it is widely believed that the grave of Erofei Khabarov is located in this city.

The region is named Khabarovsk, and the main city of the region is Khabarovsk in honor of one of the brave Russian explorers of the 17th century, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.

Back in the 16th century, campaigns of Russian people began for the “stone”, as the Urals were then called. In those days, Siberia was sparsely populated; you could walk a hundred or two hundred kilometers and not meet anyone. But the “new land” turned out to be rich in fish, animals, and minerals.

Went to Siberia different people. Among them were the tsarist governors sent from Moscow to manage the vast region, and the archers who accompanied them. But there were many times more industrialists - hunters from Pomorye, and "walking" or runaway people. Those of the “walkers” who sat on the ground were assigned to the peasant class and began to “pull the tax”, that is, to bear certain obligations in relation to the feudal state.

“Serving people”, including Cossacks, upon returning from campaigns, had to tell the authorities about the fulfillment of the requirements of “mandatory memory” or instructions. Recordings of their words were called “questioning speeches” and “tales”, and letters that listed their merits and contained requests for rewards for their labors and hardships were called “petitions”. Thanks to these documents preserved in the archives, historians can tell about the events that took place in Siberia and the Far East more than 300 years ago, as well as about the main details of these great geographical discoveries.

Distant past.

In a very distant time, about 300 thousand years ago, the first people appeared in the Far East. They were primitive hunters and fishermen who wandered from place to place in search of food in large groups.

Scientists consider the mammoth the main food animal of the Paleolithic era. The transition to fishing played a decisive role in the life of the ancient Amur people. This happened in the Neolithic era. They fished with bone-tipped harpoons, and later caught with nets woven from the fiber of wild nettle and hemp. Dressed fish skin was durable and impervious to moisture, so it was used to make clothes and shoes.

So gradually on the Amur there was no need to roam from place to place. Having chosen a place convenient for hunting and fishing, people settled there for a long time.

Usually dwellings were built either on the high bank of rivers, or on rivers - small hills, overgrown with forests and not flooded during floods.

Several families lived in the dwelling, which was a semi-dugout with a square frame made of logs lined with turf on the outside. There was usually a hearth in the middle. Such was the life of the ancient people of the Far East.

pioneersFarEast17th century.

To the Pacific Ocean.

First out on the coast Pacific Ocean detachment of Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossacks, headed by Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin. On the Agdan River, where Ataman Dmitry Kopylov set up the Butal prison, they learned from the Tungus that they had come here from the "great sea - okiya". And Dmitry Kopylov gave the command to Ivan Moskvitin to go to the sea.

At first they went up the Mae River and its tributary Nudymi then went deep into the mountains. In the autumn of 1639, the Cossacks reached the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. “And here they are, at the mouth of the river, setting up a winter hut with a prison ...” - testifies Badly Kolobov. This winter hut was the first known Russian settlement on the Pacific coast.

4 years after the campaign of Moskvitin, the Yakut governor equips a detachment of Vasily Poyarkov to the east. With great difficulty he reached the Stanovoy Ridge and crossed it, went to the banks of the Zeya. Brave explorers sailed down the Zeya and in the summer of 1644 reached the Amur. Poyarkovites liked Amur. The course is calm, there are no rapids, no rifts, there is no edge to the meadows. The explorers learned that the Amur soil is suitable for agriculture, that the banks of the Amur are sparsely populated, and the locals do not pay tribute to anyone.

Wintering at the mouth of the Amur, Poyarkovites brought Gilyaks (Nivkhs) into Russian citizenship and collected information about Sakhalin Island. In the spring they went to the Sea of Okhotsk on kochs, heading towards the mouth of the Ulya. Only in the summer of 1646 did Poyarkov return to Yakutsk, having lost two-thirds of the detachment during the campaign. Such a high price was paid for the first detailed information about the Amur region.

Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.

Everyone who comes to Khabarovsk is greeted at the station square by a monument to the hero in armor and a Cossack hat. Raised on a high granite pedestal, it seems to embody the courage and greatness of our ancestors. This is Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.

And by birth Khabarov from - near Ustyug Veliky, which in the north of the European part of our country in his youth, Erofei Pavlovich served in the Khet winter hut in Taimyr, he also visited the “gold-boiling” Mangosee. Having then moved to the Lena River, he started the first arable land in the valley of the Kuta River, boiled salt and traded. However, the tsarist voevodas took a dislike to the brave “experimenter”. They took away his salt pans and stocks of bread, and threw him into prison.

Khabarov was very interested in the news about the discovery of Amur. He recruited volunteers and, having received permission from the local authorities, set off. Unlike Poyarkov, Khabarov chose a different route: leaving Yakutsk in the autumn of 1649, he climbed up the Lena to the mouth of the Olekma River, and up the Olekma reached its tributary, the Tugir River. From the upper reaches of the Tugir, the Cossacks crossed the watershed and descended into the valley of the Urka River. Soon, in February 1650, they were on the Amur.

Khabarov was amazed at the untold riches that opened before him. In one of the reports to the Yakut governor, he wrote: “and along those rivers live a lot of Tungus, and down the glorious great river Amur live Daurian people, arable and cattle meadows, and in that great river Amur fish - kaluga, sturgeon, and all kinds of fish there are many against the Volga, and in the mountains and uluses there are great meadows and arable lands, and forests along that great Amur river are dark, large, there are many sables and all kinds of animals ... And gold and silver can be seen in the earth.

Erofei Pavlovich sought to annex the entire Amur to the Russian state. In September 1651, on the left bank of the Amur, in the area of Lake Bolon, the Khabarovsk people built a small fortress and called it the Ochan town. In May 1652, the town was attacked by the Manchurian army, which loomed over the rich Amur region, but this attack was repelled, albeit with heavy losses. Khabarov needed help from Russia, he needed people. A nobleman D. Zinoviev was sent from Moscow to the Amur. Not understanding the situation, the Moscow nobleman removed Khabarov from his post and took him under escort to the capital. The brave explorer endured many ordeals, and although in the end he was acquitted, he was no longer allowed to go to the Amur. This ended the research of the explorer.

Russian explorers in the Pacific Ocean (18th - early 19th century).

At the beginning of the 18th century, after a difficult northern war, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea. Having cut through the “window to Europe”, the Russians again turned their attention to the East.

the cradle of our Pacific Fleet and the main base of Russian expeditions was Okhotsk, founded in 1647 by a detachment of the Cossack Amen Shelkovnik, on the shore of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, a “plotvische” was laid nearby - a shipyard. The first sea boats were built like this. The bottom was hollowed out from the tree trunk, sailors sewed bent boards to the bottom, fastening them with wooden nails or pulling them together with spruce roots, the grooves were caulked with moss and filled with hot resin. The anchors were also wooden, and stones were tied to them for gravity. On such boats it was possible to swim only near the shore.

But already at the beginning of the 18th century, craftsmen came to Okhotsk - shipbuilders originally from Pomorie. And in 1716, having built a sea, large sailing ship, a detachment under the command of the Cossack Pentecostal Kuzma Sokolov and the navigator Nikifor Treska laid a sea route from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. Soon the navigation of ships in the Sea of Okhotsk became commonplace, and sailors were attracted by the expanses of other seas.

Khabarovsk Amur region in the second half of the 19th centuryandat the beginning of the 20th century.

Expedition of Popov-Dezhenev.

Opening of the passage from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was born around 1605 in the Pinega region. In Siberia, Dezhnev served in the Cossack service. From Tobolsk he moved to Yeniseisk, from there to Yakutsk. In 1639-1640. Dezhnev participated in several trips to the rivers of the Lena basin. In the winter of 1640, he served in the detachment of Dmitry Mikhailovich Zyryan, who then moved to Alazeya, and sent Dezhnev with the “sable treasury” to Yakutsk.

In the winter of 1641-1642. he went with the detachment of Mikhail Stadukhin to the upper Indigirka, crossed to Momma, and in the early summer of 1643 went down the Indigirka to its lower reaches.

Dezhnev probably took part in the construction of Nizhnekolymsk, where he lived for three years.

Fedot Alekseev Popov from Kholmogory, who already had experience of sailing in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, set about organizing a large fishing expedition in Nizhnekolymsk. Its purpose was to search in the east for walrus rookeries and the allegedly rich in sable river. Anadyr. The expedition included 63 industrialists and one Cossack - Dezhnev - as the person responsible for collecting yasak.

June 20, 1648 from Kolyma went to sea. Dezhnev and Popov were on different courts. On September 20, at Cape Chukotsky, according to Depzhnev's testimony, Chukchi people wounded Popov in a skirmish in the harbor, and around October 1 they were blown into the sea without a trace. Consequently, having rounded the northeast ledge of Asia - that cape that bears the name of Dezhnev (66 15 N, 169 40 W) - for the first time in history they passed from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.

In Siberia, ataman Dezhnev served on the river. Olenka, Vilyuya and Yana. He returned at the end of 1671 with a sable treasury to Moscow and died there at the beginning of 1673.

Campaigns of Vladimir Atlasov to Kamchatka.

The secondary discovery was made at the very end of the 17th century. new clerk to the Anadyr prison Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vladimirovich Atlasov.

At the beginning of 1697, V. Atlasov set out on a winter campaign on reindeer with a detachment of 125 people. Half Russians, half Yukachirs. It passed along the eastern shore of the Penzhinskaya Bay (up to 60 N) and turned to the drain to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea.

Atlasov sent south along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka, he returned to the Sea of Okhotsk.

Gathering information about the lower reaches of the river. Kamchatka, Atlasov turned back.

Atlasov was only 100 km from southern Kamchatka. For 5 years (1695-1700) V. Atlasov covered more than 11 thousand km. Atlasov from Yakutsk went to Moscow with a report. There he was appointed head of the Cossacks and again sent to Kamchatka. He sailed to Kamchatka in June 1707.

In January 1711, the rebellious Cossacks stabbed Atlasov to death while sleeping. So the Kamchatka Yermak perished.

The first Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering.

By order of Peter I, at the end of 1724, an expedition was created, the head of which was a captain of the 1st rank, later - captain-commander Vitus Johnssen (aka Ivan Ivanovich) Bering, a native of Denmark for 44 years.

First Kamchatka expedition - 34 people. From St. Petersburg they set off on January 24, 1725 through Siberia - to Okhotsk. October 1, 1726 Bering arrived in Okhotsk.

In early September 1727, the expedition moved to Balsheretsk, and from there to Nizhnekamsk along the Bystraya and Kamchatka rivers.

On the southern coast of the Chekotsky Peninsula, on July 31 - August 10, they discovered the Gulf of the Cross, the Bay of Providence and about. St. Lawrence. On August 14, the expedition reached latitude 67 18. In other words, they passed the strait and were already in the Chukchi Sea. In the Bering Strait, earlier in the Gulf of Anadyr, they performed the first depth measurements - 26 soundings.

In the summer of 1729, Bering made a weak attempt to reach the American coast, but on June 8, due to strong winds, he ordered to return, rounding Kamchatka from the south, and on July 24 arrived in Okhotsk.

7 months later, Bering arrived in St. Petersburg after a five-year absence.

Captain Nevelskoy.

In the middle of the 19th century, some geographers claimed that Amur was lost in the sands. They generally forgot about the campaigns of Poyarkov and Khabarov.

The riddle of Cupid undertook to solve the advanced naval officer Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

Nevelskoy was born in 1813 in the Kostroma province. His parents are poor nobles. Father is a retired sailor. And the boy also dreamed of becoming a naval officer. Having successfully completed the Marine cadet corps, he served in the Baltic for many years.

A brilliant career awaited the young officer, but Gennady Ivanovich, having taken up the Amur issue, decided to serve the fatherland in the Far East. He volunteered to deliver cargo to Far Kamchatka, but this voyage is only a pretext.

Nevelskoy did a lot to secure the eastern lands for Russia. To this end, in 1849 and in 1850, he explored the lower reaches of the Amur and found here places convenient for wintering sea vessels. Together with his associates, he was the first to explore the mouth of the Amur and proved that Sakhalin is an island and that it is separated from the mainland by a strait.

The following year, Nevelskoy founded the Peter and Paul winter hut in the Bay of Happiness, and in August of the same 1850 he raised the Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur. This was the beginning of the city of Nikolaevsk, the first Russian settlement on the lower Amur.

A young employee of Nevelskoy, Lieutenant N.K. Vomnyak, did especially much during these years. He discovered a beautiful sea bay on the coast of the Tatar Strait - now it is the city and port of Sovetskaya Gavan, found coal on Sakhalin.

Nevelskoy and his assistants studied the climate, vegetation and animal world Amur region, explored the fairways of the Amur estuary and the system of tributaries of the Amur. They established friendly relations with the local residents, the Nivkhs. Time in the Amur expedition passed