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Maritime state border of the Russian Federation. Features of the land and sea borders of the Russian Federation

The total length of Russia's borders is the largest in the world and reaches 62,269 km. Of these, the length of the maritime borders is 37636.6 km and land - 24625.3 km. Of the maritime borders, the coast of the Arctic, or the Russian Arctic sector, accounts for 19724.1 km, and on the coast of the seas - 16997.9 km.

maritime borders pass at a distance of 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast, separating internal territorial waters from international ones. At 200 nautical miles (about 370 km) from the coast is the border of the maritime economic zone of Russia. Within this zone, navigation of any countries is allowed, but the development and extraction of all types of natural resources located in the waters, on the bottom and in the bowels, is carried out only by Russia. Other countries can extract natural resources here only in agreement with the Russian government. The northern borders of the country completely pass through the waters of the seas:, East Siberian and (follow the map). In addition, all of them are covered with drifting multi-year pack ice all year round, so navigation on the seas is difficult and is possible only with the use of nuclear-powered icebreakers.

The eastern borders of Russia pass mainly along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: the Bering and the Sea of ​​Japan. The closest maritime neighbors of our country here are Japan and. The length of the maritime border with is 194.3 km, and with the United States - 49 km. The narrow La Perouse Strait separates Russian territorial waters from both the island of Hokkaido.

In the south and south-west of Russia, maritime borders pass with countries (, and), as well as with sea waters. By waters and seas - with Ukraine and. connects our country with, and along it there are waterways to Europe and. Thus, Russia belongs to the great maritime powers and it has both a merchant fleet and a navy.

The land borders of our Motherland are very long. In the northwest our neighbors are Norway and Finland. The length of the border with Finland is 219.1 km, and with Finland - 1325.8 km. The length of the border along the coast of the Baltic Sea is 126.1 km. Along the western border of Russia are the states: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and. On the territory of the Kaliningrad region land border passes with and Lithuania. The section of the sea border near the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea (the sea coast of the Kaliningrad region) is 140 km. In addition, the length of the river border of the region with Lithuania is 206.6 km, the lake border - 30.1 km, and with Poland - 236.3 km.

The length of the land border of Russia with Estonia is 466.8 km, with Latvia - 270.6 km, with - 1239 km, with Ukraine - 2245.8 km. The length of the Black Sea sea border is 389.5 km, along the Caspian Sea - 580 km, and along - 350 km.

The southern border of Russia with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs along the mountain ranges of the Main Caucasian (Dividing) Range and the spurs of the Samur Range. The length of the border with Georgia is 897.9 km, with Azerbaijan - 350 km. On the coast of the Caspian Sea, the southern border of Russia with Kazakhstan runs along the Caspian lowland, along the plains and uplands of the Urals and Trans-Urals, the southern outskirts of the lowland and along the river valley approaches the foothills. The total length of the land border with Kazakhstan reaches 7598.6 km.

Russian border guards also guard land borders in the mountains and. The total length of the Tajik border reaches 1909 km.

Further east, the southern border of Russia with and passes through the high mountains of Altai, Western and. To the east of Mongolia, Russia again borders China along the Argun and Ussuri, which are used by both countries. The total length of land borders with China is 4209.3 km, and with - 3485 km.

In the extreme southeast, Russia borders on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The length of the border is 39.4 km.

As you can see, most of the borders of our country run along natural boundaries: seas, rivers and mountains. Some of them hinder international contacts. These are covered with multi-year pack ice and high mountain ranges in the south of Russia. European, Barents, Baltic, Black, Azov and border rivers and river valleys contribute to the diverse ties between Russia and foreign countries.

Due to the large length of longitude in Russia, there is a large time difference - it is 10 . Accordingly, the entire territory of the country is divided into 10 time zones. In sparsely populated areas and on the seas, the boundaries of time zones pass along the meridians. In densely populated areas, they are carried out along the borders of administrative regions, territories and autonomous republics, skirting big cities. This is done to make it easier to calculate time. Uniform time is established within administrative units. in many time zones is accompanied by a number of inconveniences and difficulties. Thus, the programs of the Central Television from Moscow have to be repeated especially for the inhabitants of the eastern regions of the country, since many broadcasts occur there in the dead of night or early morning. At the same time, the time difference allows you to maneuver the use of electricity. With the help of powerful transmission line systems, the maximum supply of electricity moves after the sun, which makes it possible to manage with fewer power plants.

Every place on Earth has its own local time. In addition, there is summer and winter local time. This is when, by order of the government of a number of states, in March-April the clock hands are moved 1 hour ahead, and in September-October - 1 hour back. For the convenience of international and intercity communications, the so-called standard time is introduced. In Russia, the timetable for trains and planes is drawn up according to Moscow time.

In the USSR for more rational use Since 1930, during the daylight hours, clocks have been moved forward 1 hour everywhere - this is standard time. Decree time of the 2nd time zone in which Moscow is located is called Moscow time.

The local time of the inhabitants of the Kaliningrad region is 1 hour (more precisely, 54 minutes) different from the local Moscow time, since the Kaliningrad region is located in the first time zone.

The role and importance of time in the economy and people's lives is enormous. Humans and all plant and animal organisms have a “biological clock”. This is conventionally called the ability of living organisms in time. Watch the animals and you will see that they have a strict daily routine. Plants also have a certain rhythm of life.

The biological clock works under the influence of the main daily rhythm of the Earth - its rotation around its axis, which determines the change in illumination, air, cosmic radiation, gravity, electricity, the length of day and night. Life processes inside the human body are also subject to earthly rhythms. The rhythms of the “biological clock” of living organisms are encoded in the cells of organisms and are inherited through natural selection, through chromosomes.

Russia is the largest country on the entire globe. Its area reaches 17.1 million square meters. The state is located on the Eurasian continent. Russia has a large length from west to east, so there is a significant difference in time in its regions.

Customs, economic and other borders of Russia moved beyond former USSR which in itself is a unique phenomenon. After the collapse Soviet Union all CIS countries are faced with a serious problem. On the one hand, the inconsistency of the legislative and financial systems forced them to close the economic space, but at the same time, the new border lines of the states did not coincide with ethnic cultural borders, and society did not want to recognize the border restrictions introduced, and most importantly, Russia did not have the opportunity to carry out demarcation and equip engineering and technical facilities. Also a big problem was the establishment of customs points.

Description of the borders of the state

The length of the borders of the Russian Federation reaches 60 thousand kilometers, of which 40 thousand km are sea borders. The economic maritime space of the country is located 370 kilometers from the coastal zone. Here may be the courts of other states for the extraction of natural resources. The western and southern borders of the Russian Federation are mainly land, the northern and eastern borders are predominantly maritime. The fact that the state borders of Russia are so long is explained by the huge size of its territory and the uneven outlines of the lines of the sea coasts of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans, which wash it from three sides.

Land borders of Russia

In the west and east of the country, land borders have a number of characteristic differences. In pre-revolutionary Russia, they were marked by natural boundaries. As the state expanded, it was necessary to somehow fix the boundaries of the seas and land. At the same time, in sparsely populated areas, for greater recognition, they should be clearly marked - it can be a mountain range, a river, and so on. But this character of the terrain is observed mainly on the eastern side of the southern border.

Western and southwestern land borders of the state

The modern lines of the western and southwestern borders of Russia arose as a result of the division of individual subjects on the territory of the country. For the most part, these are administrative boundaries that were previously intrastate. They turned out to be practically unrelated to natural objects. So the borders of Russia with Poland and Finland were formed.

Russia's land borders are also long. After the collapse of the union, the number of neighbors remained the same. There are fourteen of them in total. With Japan and the United States, the Russian Federation has only maritime borders. But in the days of the USSR, the country bordered on only eight states, the rest of the lines between the states were considered internal and were of a conditional nature. In the northwest, the borders of the Russian Federation are in contact with Finland and Norway.

Russia's borders with Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have already officially received the status of state borders. Along the western and southwestern borders are Ukraine and Belarus. southern part The country borders on Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, the republics of Tuva, Altai, Buryatia. In the extreme southeast, the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation borders on the DPRK. The length of the border line is only 17 km.

Northern border of the country

Russia's maritime border in the north and east of the country is 12 miles from the coastline. By sea, the Russian Federation borders on 12 states. The northern borders run along the waters of the Arctic Ocean - these are the Kara, Laptev, Barents, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. Within the Arctic Ocean, from the Russian coast to the very North Pole, there is a sector of the Arctic. It is limited by conditional lines from the west and east of Ratmanov Island to the North Pole. Polar possessions are a relative concept, and the territorial waters of this sector do not belong to Russia, we can only talk about belonging to the Arctic waters.

Eastern Russian border

The maritime border of Russia from its eastern part runs along the waters of the Pacific Ocean. On this side, the country's closest neighbors are the United States and Japan. The Russian Federation borders with Japan in the La Perouse Strait, and in the Bering Strait - with the United States (between Ratmanov Island, which is Russian, and Kruzenshtern, owned by the States). The Bering Sea is located between the peninsulas of Chukotka, Alaska, Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands. Between the peninsulas of Kamchatka, the islands of Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin is the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The southern shores of Sakhalin and Primorsky Krai are washed by the Sea of ​​Japan. All seas Far East, with which Russia has a maritime border, are partially frozen. Moreover, Okhotsk, even taking into account the fact that part of it lies in the southern parallel, is the most severe in this regard. In its northwestern part, the duration of the ice period is 280 days a year. Due to the large length of the seas along the eastern line of Russia from north to south, the climatic conditions in the country vary significantly.

AT summer time typhoons enter the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, which are fraught with great destruction. On the coast of the Pacific Ocean in its seismically active zones, catastrophic tsunamis occur as a result of coastal and underwater earthquakes.

Problems of Russia's Eastern Border

The maritime borders of Russia and the United States are now marked, but earlier there were border problems. Russian empire in 1867 she sold Alaska for seven million dollars. There are certain difficulties in determining the borders of states in the Bering Strait. Russia also has problems with Japan, which disputes the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, the total area of ​​​​which is 8548.96 square meters. km. The dispute arose over the state water area and territory of the Russian Federation with an area of ​​​​300,000 square kilometers, including the economic zone of the sea and islands, which is rich in seafood and fish, and the shelf zone, which has oil reserves.

In 1855, an agreement was concluded, according to which the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge were retained by Japan. In 1875, all the Kuril Islands pass to Japan. In 1905, following the results Russo-Japanese War The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, and Russia ceded South Sakhalin to Japan. In 1945, when Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands became part of the USSR, but their nationality was not defined in the 1951 agreement (San Francisco). The Japanese side claimed that they were part of Japan, and they had nothing to do with the treaty of 1875, since they were not part of the Kuril ridge, but belonged to, and therefore the treaty signed in San Francisco did not apply to them.

Western border of the state

The western maritime border of Russia connects the country with many European states. It passes through the waters of the Baltic Sea, which belongs to the water area Atlantic Ocean and forms bays off the coast of the Russian Federation. They host Russian ports. In the Gulf of Finland is located the northern capital of Russia - St. Petersburg - and Vyborg. Kaliningrad is located on the Prelog River, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon. A large Novoluzhsky port is being built at the mouth of the Luga River. does not freeze only off the coast of the Kaliningrad region. This sea border of Russia on the map links the country (through the sea) with states such as Poland, Germany and Sweden.

southwestern border

The southwestern part of Russia is washed by the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. The maritime borders of the Black Sea give Russia access to the Mediterranean. The port of Novorossiysk stands on the shores of the Tsemess Bay. In the Taganrog Bay - the port of Taganrog. One of the best bays is located in the city of Sevastopol. Azov and Black Sea are of great importance for Russia's transport links with the countries of foreign Europe and the Mediterranean. Also, the sea borders of the Russian Federation are in contact with Georgia and Ukraine. In the south, along the waters of the Caspian Sea, there is a border with Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan.

Consequently, the borders of the Russian Federation to a greater extent pass along natural boundaries: mountains, seas and rivers. Because of some of them, international contacts are complicated (high mountains, glaciers on the sea, and so on). Others, on the contrary, are favorable for cooperation with neighbors and allow laying river and land international routes and creating an economic space.

Extreme points of Russia

In the northern part, the extreme point is Cape Chelyuskin, which is located on the extreme island point, which is located on one of the islands of the Franz Josef-Rudolf archipelago. The extreme southern point is the crest of the Caucasus Range, the western one is the end of the Sandy Spit of the Baltic Sea, the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev on the Chukotka Peninsula.

Features of the geographical location of Russia

Most of the country is located in temperate latitudes, but its northern part is located in the harsh conditions of the Arctic. is rich in a variety of natural resources, which are available in large quantities. The country occupies a leading position in the world in terms of size and area of ​​land resources. The area of ​​Russian forests reaches seven hundred million hectares.

The huge size of the country is very important both from an economic point of view and from a defense one. The territory of the Russian Federation has the largest plains on the planet. These are the West Siberian and Russian (East European) plains. The air masses of the Arctic Ocean influence the northern spaces of the country. The territory of Russia is rich in various kinds of minerals and minerals. It is here that approximately 40% of the world's iron ore reserves are concentrated. The main region of deposits and rich reserves of copper ores is considered to be the Urals and the Ural region. Here, in the Middle Urals, there are deposits of precious stones such as emerald, ruby, amethyst. And one more interesting feature country is that it is located in all geographic areas northern hemisphere except for the tropics.


In the northeastern part of Eurasia is a country that occupies 31.5 percent of its territory - Russia. She has a huge number of sovereign neighbors. Today, Russia's borders are impressively long.

The Russian Federation is unique in that, being simultaneously in Asia and Europe, it occupies the northern part of the first and the eastern expanses of the second.

Map of the southern border of the Russian Federation showing all neighboring states

It is well known that the length of Russia's borders is 60.9 thousand km. Land borders are 7.6 thousand km. The sea borders of Russia have a length of 38.8 thousand km.

What you need to know about the state border of Russia

In accordance with the provision of international law, the state border of Russia is defined as a surface the globe. It includes both territorial waters and inland waters. In addition, the "composition" of the state border includes the bowels of the earth and airspace.

The state border of Russia is the existing water and territorial line. The main "function" of the state border should be considered the definition of actual territorial limits.

Types of state borders

After the collapse of the great and mighty Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has the following types of borders:

  • old (these borders were inherited by Russia from the Soviet Union);
  • new.

A similar map of the borders of the USSR indicating the borders of the republics of the union

The old borders should include those that coincide with the borders of states that were once full members of one large Soviet family. Most of the old borders are secured by contracts concluded in accordance with current international standards. These states should include both relatively close to Russia and, and.

Specialists refer to the new borders as those that border on the Baltic countries, as well as on the states that are members of the CIS. The latter, first of all, should be attributed to and.
It is not in vain that Soviet times drive patriotic-minded citizens of the older generation into nostalgia. The fact is that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia lost more than 40 percent of its equipped border.

"Removed" borders

It is not for nothing that Russia is called a unique state. It has borders that are defined today as "carried out" zones on the borders of the former Soviet Union.

Russia today has many problems with borders. They became especially acute after the collapse of the Soviet Union. On a geographical map, everything looks quite beautiful. But in reality, Russia's new borders have nothing to do with cultural and ethnic borders. Another significant problem is the categorical rejection by public opinion of the restrictions that have arisen in connection with the introduction of border posts.

There is another serious problem. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation was not able to equip its new borders in a technical sense in a timely manner. Today, the solution to the problem is moving forward, but not fast enough.

Given the grave danger looming from some former Soviet republics, this issue is still at the forefront. The predominant land borders are the southern and western borders. East and north belong to the water boundaries.

Map of the collapse of the Soviet Union

What you need to know about the key borders of the Russian Federation

By 2020, our country has a large number of neighbors. On land, our country borders on fourteen powers. It is important to note all neighbors:

  1. Republic of Kazakhstan.
  2. Mongolian state.
  3. Belarus.
  4. Polish Republic.
  5. Estonian Republic.
  6. Norway.

Also, our country has borders with the Abkhazian state and South Ossetia. But these countries are still not recognized by the "international community", which still considers them part of the Georgian state.

Map of the Russian border with Georgia and the unrecognized republics

For this reason, the borders of the Russian Federation with these small states are not generally recognized in 2020 either.

With whom does Russia border on land?

The most important land neighbors of the Russian Federation include the Norwegian state. The border with this Scandinavian state runs along the swampy tundra from the Varanger Fjord. Important domestic and Norwegian power plants are located here.

Today on highest level the issue of creating a transport route to this country, cooperation with which began in the deep Middle Ages, is being seriously discussed.

A little further south stretches the border with the Finnish state. The area is wooded and rocky. This site is important for Russia for the reason that it is here that active international trade. Finnish cargo is transported from Finland to the Vyborg port. The western border of the Russian Federation stretches from the Baltic waters to the Sea of ​​Azov.

Map of Russia's western border showing all border states

The first section should include the border with the Baltic powers. The second section, no less important, is the border with Belarus. In 2020, it continues to be free for the transport of goods and the travel of people. The European transport route, which is of great importance for Russia, passes through this section. Not so long ago, a historic decision was made regarding the creation of a new powerful gas pipeline. The main point is the Yamal Peninsula. The highway will pass through Belarus to the countries of Western Europe.

Ukraine is not only geopolitical, but also geographically important for Russia. Given the difficult situation, which continues to be extremely tense in 2020, the Russian authorities are doing everything possible to lay new railway lines. But the railway connecting Zlatoglavaya with Kyiv still does not lose its relevance.

With whom does the Russian Federation border on the sea

Our most important water neighbors include Japan and the United States of America.

Map of the maritime borders of the Russian Federation

Both of these states are separated from the Russian Federation by small straits. The Russian-Japanese border is marked between Sakhalin, Yu.Kurils and Hokkaido.

After the annexation of Crimea, Russia had neighbors in the Black Sea. These countries include Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria. Canada, located on the other side of the Arctic Ocean, should be attributed to the oceanic neighbors of the Russian Federation.

The most important Russian ports include:

  1. Arkhangelsk.
  2. Murmansk.
  3. Sevastopol.

From Arkhangelsk and Murmansk originates the great Northern Route. Most of the local waters are covered with a huge crust of ice for eight to nine months. In 2016, by order of the President of the Russian Federation, preparations began for the creation of an underwater Arctic highway. As expected, for the transport of important goods, this highway will use nuclear submarines. Of course, only submarines decommissioned will take part in the transportation.

Disputed areas

In 2020, Russia still has some unresolved geographic disputes. Today, the following countries are involved in the "geographical conflict":

  1. Estonian Republic.
  2. Latvian republic.
  3. People's Republic of China.
  4. Japan.

If we take into account that the so-called “international community” denies the annexation of Crimea to Russia, ignoring the results of the referendum held in March 2014, then Ukraine should be added to this list. In addition, Ukraine seriously lays claim to some of the Kuban lands.

Disputed section of Russia's border with Norway

The so-called "Arctic issue" in the near future seems to be only a method of "subtle trolling" for some of Russia's maritime neighbors.

Claims of the Republic of Estonia

This issue is not being discussed as diligently as the “problem of the Kuriles”. And the Republic of Estonia claims to the right bank of the Narva River, which is located on the territory of Ivangorod. Also, the "appetites" of this state extend to the Pskov region.

Five years ago, an agreement was concluded between the Russian and Estonian states. It marked the delimitation of water spaces in the Gulf of Finland and Narva.

The “protagonist” of the Russian-Estonian negotiations is considered to be the “Saatse boot”. It is in this place that the transportation of bricks from the Urals to European countries. Once they wanted to transfer the "boot" to the Estonian state, in exchange for other parts of the land. But due to the significant amendments made by the Estonian side, our country did not ratify the agreement.

Claims of the Republic of Latvia

Until 2007, the Republic of Latvia wanted to receive the territory of the Pytalovsky district, which is located in the Pskov region. But in March, an agreement was signed according to which this area should remain the property of our country.

What China wanted and achieved

Five years ago, the Chinese-Russian border was demarcated. According to this treaty, the People's Republic of China received land plot in the Chita region and 2 sites near Bolshoi Ussuriysky and Tarabarov islands.

In 2020, a dispute continues between our country and China regarding the Republic of Tuva. In turn, Russia does not recognize the independence of Taiwan. There are no diplomatic relations with this state. Some seriously fear that the People's Republic of China is interested in the division of Siberia. This issue has not yet been discussed at the highest level, and dark rumors are very difficult to comment on and analyze.

China and Russia border map

The year 2015 shows that serious geographic tensions between Russia and China should not arise in the near future.

The Russian state occupies about 31.5% of the total area of ​​the entire Eurasian continent, located in its northeastern part. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the formal number of neighbors of the Russian Federation has changed slightly, but the state border, as before, shares it with other countries on water and on land. To have a more complete picture of your state, you definitely need to know where the land and sea borders of Russia lie.

general information

A notable feature of the Russian Federation is the fact that it is located both in Europe and in Asia, occupying the northern part of the first and the eastern regions of the second. To date, the length of the state border is 60.9 thousand kilometers: 38.8 passes along the sea surface, 22.1 - on land (including 7.6 thousand kilometers along the river and lake).

Based on the norms of international law, the state territory of the Russian Federation is that part of the Earth's surface that is within this dividing line, including subsoil, internal and territorial waters, and airspace.

The limits of the state are determined by two methods:

  • delimitation - an agreement between countries on the establishment of borders;
  • demarcation - fixing these boundaries with boundary markers on the ground.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian territory has two types of borders:

  • old (inherited as a legacy from the Soviet past);
  • new.

The borders of the states that were once part of the USSR coincide with the old dividing lines. Most of them are sealed by special agreements. New borders today separate the Russian Federation from the Baltic countries and from the Commonwealth of Independent States. After the “union of fraternal republics” ceased to exist, the Russian Federation lost about 40% of its borders.

Today, our country borders on other states by water and land. At the same time, the land line of demarcation is more typical for the southern and western regions, but in the east and north lies mainly the water border.

Land borders

So, to begin with, let's consider with which countries Russia has a land border. Today, our state has 14 such neighbors. All of them are active members of the UN. In addition, there are two more territories that are not officially recognized by other members of the world community - South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to other countries, they still belong to Georgia, and therefore these borders have not received official recognition as Russian.

In addition, do not forget about the following features of the neighborhood:

  • the shortest land border with Russia runs along the borders of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It is only 17 km. At the same time, the total length of the dividing line is 39.4 km;
  • Lithuania and Poland are bordered exclusively by the Kaliningrad region;
  • the small enclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye in the Bryansk region is surrounded on all sides by Belarus;
  • The most important Russian neighbor is the Norwegian state, the border with which runs along the marshy tundra. It is here that all the most important power stations of Russian and Norwegian origin are located;
  • a little to the south, the Russian-Finnish border stretches, which runs through a wooded and rocky area. For our country, this area is of particular importance because there is an active foreign trade. It is to the Vyborg port that cargo is delivered from Finland.

In general, the list of land borders of Russia looks like this:

  1. Georgia.
  2. Ukraine.
  3. Kazakhstan.
  4. China.
  5. DPRK.
  6. Mongolia.
  7. Belarus.
  8. Azerbaijan.
  9. Poland.
  10. Lithuania.
  11. Norway.
  12. Estonia.
  13. Finland.
  14. Latvia.

The only free border for the transportation of goods and travel of citizens remains the border with the Belarusian state. Residents of the two countries can cross it only with an internal passport confirming citizenship to the Russian Federation or the Republic of Belarus.

Before the collapse of the USSR, our state had a border with Iran. But after the recognition of the sovereignty of the North Caucasian republics, such a boundary automatically ceased to exist.

Territorial disputes

The so-called disputed territories deserve special attention. So, let's say, Estonia claims the right bank of the Narva River, which is located on the territory of Ivangorod. In addition, this state is also interested in a certain section of the Pskov region, as well as the Saatse boot. It is the latter that is the place of the crossing of the Ural brick to Europe. Once upon a time, it was really planned to transfer this territory to Estonia, but due to the amendments it made to the treaty, the Russian side did not ratify the document.

Latvia also once put forward its claims to a part of the Pytalovsky district of the Pskov region. But in 2007, an agreement was signed, according to which this piece of territory remained assigned to Russia.

Quite recently the Russian-Chinese border was demarcated. According to the signed agreement, our Chinese neighbors received a small plot of land in the Chita region and two more near the islands of Bolshoi Ussuriysky and Tarabarov.

To this day, the dispute over the island of Tuva between the Russian Federation and China does not fade away. In turn, Russian diplomats refuse to recognize the independence of Taiwan, and therefore there are simply no interstate relations with this territory. And although political analysts do not predict serious problems with the Chinese side in the coming years, some fears (so far at the level of rumors) regarding the division of Siberia are still present.

maritime borders

Between Russia and the United States is the Bering Strait - the border separating Ratmanov Island from Krusenstern Island.

After Crimea became part of Russian territory, we also had neighbors in the Black Sea:

  • Turkey;
  • Bulgaria;
  • Georgia.

Part of the border with the following countries passes through the sea:

  • Norway (in the Barents Sea),
  • Finland and Estonia (in the Gulf of Finland);
  • Lithuania and Poland (in the Baltic Sea);
  • Ukraine (in the Black and Azov Seas);
  • Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan (in the Caspian Sea);
  • North Korea (in the Sea of ​​Japan).

Disputed territories

Do not forget that some offshore areas of the Russian Federation still cause territorial disputes. We are talking about the unresolved fate of the Kuril Islands, which Japan also claims. This confrontation has been going on since the end of World War II, namely since 1945.

Disputes about other borders do not subside. Until recently, the confrontation with Ukraine over the Bosphorus, or rather the Tuzla Spit, could be called relevant. By itself, the scythe is of no particular value. Its role becomes significant only in the light of construction Kerch bridge. But since the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation, this dispute has somewhat faded.

Conclusion

Summing up all of the above, it should be noted that the clear establishment and observance of state borders is of particular importance in terms of the integrity and security of the state.

But do not forget that the territory of most countries, including the Russian Federation, is also the zone of passage of the shortest transit cargo routes and air routes connecting not only Europe and Asia, but also the countries of North America with the Eurasian continent. Based on this, the issue of maintaining close economic and political contacts remains important. Such cooperation will avoid the need to search for new ways of communication, in particular the construction of gas pipelines, railways and other communications bypassing the territories with which there are certain kinds of conflicts.

State borders of Russia: video

Abstract keywords: territory and borders of Russia, territory and water area, sea and land borders, economic and geographical position.

Russian borders

The total length of the borders is 58.6 thousand km, of which 14.3 thousand km are land, and 44.3 thousand km are sea. The maritime borders are 12 nautical miles(22.7 km) from the coast, and the border of the maritime economic zone - in 200 nautical miles(about 370 km).

On the west The country borders on Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. The Kaliningrad region has a border with Lithuania and Poland. In the southwest, Russia borders on Ukraine; on South– with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea. Russia has the longest (7200 km) land border with Kazakhstan. On the east- maritime borders with Japan and the United States. On the north the borders of the Russian sector of the Arctic are drawn along the meridians of Ratmanov Island and the extreme northern point of the land border with Norway to the North Pole.

The largest islands in Russia are New Earth, Sakhalin, Novosibirsk, Severnaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land.

The largest peninsulas of Russia are Taimyr, Kamchatka, Yamal, Gdansk, Kola.

Description of the border of the Russian Federation

Northern and eastern border marine, and the western and southern - mainly land. The large length of the state borders of Russia is determined by the size of its territory and the outlines of the coastlines.

Western border begins on the coast of the Barents Sea from the Varangerfjord and passes first through the hilly tundra, then along the valley of the Paz River. In this section, Russia borders on Norway. Russia's next neighbor is Finland. The border goes along the Maanselkä upland, through heavily swampy terrain, along the slope of the low Salpausselkä ridge, and 160 km southwest of Vyborg comes to the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. In the extreme west, on the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gdansk Bay, is the Kaliningrad region of Russia, which borders Poland and Lithuania. Most of the region's border with Lithuania runs along the Neman (Nemunas) and its tributary, the Sheshup River.

From Gulf of Finland the border goes along the Narva River, Lake Peipus and Pskov and further mainly along low plains, crossing more or less significant uplands (Vitebsk, Smolensk-Moscow, southern spurs of the Central Russian, Donetsk Ridge) and rivers (upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Dnieper, Desna and Seim, Seversky Donets and Oskol), sometimes along secondary river valleys and small lakes, through wooded hilly spaces, ravine-gully forest-steppe and steppe, mostly plowed, expanses to the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

Here, Russia's neighbors for over 1000 km are Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine.

Border of the Republic of Crimea. Russia considers most of the Crimean peninsula an integral part of its territory. In accordance with the results of the all-Crimean referendum held on March 16, 2014, on March 18, 2014, the Treaty on the entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation was signed. Ukraine considers Crimea "temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine."

The border of the Republic of Crimea on land, conjugated with the territory of Ukraine, is the state border of the Russian Federation. The delimitation of the maritime spaces of the Black and Azov Seas is carried out on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation, norms and principles of international law.

southern border passes through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the mouth of the Psou River. The land border with Georgia and Azerbaijan passes here: along the Psou valley, then mainly along the Main Caucasian Range, passing to the Side Range in the area between the Roki and Kodor Passes, then again goes along the Dividing Range to Mount Bazardyuzyu, from where it turns north to the Samur River, along the valley which reaches the Caspian Sea. Thus, in the region of the Greater Caucasus, the border of Russia is clearly fixed by natural, natural boundaries, steep high mountain slopes. The length of the border in the Caucasus is more than 1000 km.

Further, the border of Russia passes through the waters of the Caspian Sea, from the coast of which, near the eastern margin of the Volga delta, the land border of Russia with Kazakhstan begins. It passes through the deserts and dry steppes of the Caspian lowland, in the junction of Mugodzhar with the Urals, through the southern steppe part of Western Siberia and through the Altai mountains. Russia's border with Kazakhstan is the longest (over 7,500 km), but almost not fixed by natural boundaries. On the territory of the Kulunda Plain, at a distance of about 450 km, the border runs from northwest to southeast almost in a straight line, parallel to the direction of the Irtysh. True, about 1500 km of the border runs along the rivers Maly Uzen (Caspian), Ural and its left tributary Ilek, along the Tobol and along its left tributary - the Uy River (the longest river border with Kazakhstan), as well as along a number of smaller tributaries of the Tobol.

Eastern part of the border- in Altai - orographically distinctly expressed. It runs along the ridges separating the Katun basin from the Bukhtarma basin - the right tributary of the Irtysh (Koksuysky, Kholzunsky, Listvyaga, in short stretches - Katunsky and Southern Altai).

Almost the entire border of Russia from Altai to the Pacific Ocean runs along the mountain belt. In the junction of the Southern Altai, Mongolian Altai and Sailyugem ranges, there is a mountain junction Tavan-Bogdo-Ula (4082 m). The borders of three states converge here: China, Mongolia and Russia. The length of the Russian border with China and Mongolia is 100 km longer than the Russian-Kazakh border.

The border runs along the Saylyugem ridge, the northern outskirts of the Ubsunur basin, the mountain ranges of Tuva, the Eastern Sayan (Big Sayan) and Transbaikalia (Dzhidinsky, Erman, etc.). Then it goes along the rivers Argun, Amur, Ussuri and its left tributary - the Sungach River. More than 80% of the Russian-Chinese border runs along rivers. The state border crosses the northern part of the water area of ​​Lake Khanka, runs along the Pogranichny and Chernye Gory ridges. In the extreme south, Russia borders on the DPRK along the Tumannaya River (Tumynjiang). The length of this border is only 17 km. Along the river valley, the Russian-Korean border goes to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan to the south of Posyet Bay.

Eastern border of Russia passes through the water expanses of the Pacific Ocean and its seas - the Sea of ​​Japan, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Here Russia borders on Japan and the United States. The border runs along more or less wide sea straits: with Japan - along the La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Treason and Sovetsky straits, separating the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kunashir and Tanfilyev (Small Kuril Ridge) from the Japanese island of Hokkaido; with the United States of America in the Bering Strait, where the Diomede Islands group is located. It is here that the state border between Russia and the United States passes along the narrow (5 km) strait between the Russian island of Ratmanov and the American island of Krusenstern.

northern border goes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean.

water area

Twelve seas three oceans wash the shores of Russia. One sea belongs to the inner drainless basin of Eurasia. The seas are located in different latitudes and climatic zones, differ in origin, geological structure, the size of sea basins and bottom topography, as well as temperatures and salinity. sea ​​waters, biological productivity and other natural features.

Table. The seas surrounding the area
Russia and their characteristics.

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