The term "social institutions of culture" is usually used in two senses: direct and broad. In the direct sense, this is a certain specific organization or institution that performs the functions of creating, storing and distributing cultural values. In a broad sense, a social institution includes the procedures themselves, the order (norm) of promotion, translation and execution cultural activities in all areas of society (rituals, customs, traditions, holidays, worship, guardianship, literary criticism, etc.)
The main task of cultural institutions is the implementation of state policy for planning, functioning, ensuring cultural life society.
The creation of any classification of cultural institutions is quite difficult task, because the number of functions they implement is almost incalculable. The typology of cultural institutions is also complicated by the fact that the performance of some functions is provided in parts by different institutions, and some cultural institutions, due to the multifunctionality of culture, perform many different functions at once. So, for example, a museum is both a cultural and educational institution, and a theater is both a creative and entertainment institution.
On a functional basis, cultural institutions can be grouped into several subsystems:
Creative institutions for the implementation of spiritual production (theaters, studios, film studios, book publishing complexes, creative unions and amateur creative associations, architectural and art-production workshops, orchestras, ensembles);
Institutes for the dissemination of culture, for direct socio-cultural work with the population, including: a) educational institutions (libraries, museums, exhibitions, memorial buildings and complexes, lecture halls, etc.); b) institutions aesthetic education(cinemas, art museums and exhibitions, concert organizations, structures for holding various artistic and entertainment events, etc.); c) cultural and leisure institutions (clubs, palaces of culture, children's leisure institutions, structures of amateur art, arts and crafts and other creativity, etc.);
Cultural protection institutions (bodies for the registration, protection and use of monuments of cultural and historical heritage, restoration workshops, etc.);
Institutions organizing and planning cultural activities, managing cultural processes: government organizations, creative unions, research institutions. This also adjoins the social institution of scientific and artistic criticism, which influences people who carry out spiritual production and consume spiritual values.
There is an opinion that culture is less manageable than other spheres, does not fit into the framework of regulation. In the development of culture, contradictions often arise between the tendency towards the centralization of cultural activity by the state and its democratization. State intervention is fraught with the dependence of cultural activities on the authorities, and without government support, art and science cannot survive and are doomed to decline. The new situation in culture is characterized by a trend towards decentralization, the transition from administrative methods of management to market mechanisms (funds, sponsorship, patronage, awards), thereby giving rise to a new dependence of cultural figures.
Each country has its own administrative structures for managing culture. A broad understanding of culture includes education, media work, tourism, youth education. These areas are managed by various departments, and parliamentary commissions and committees are created to coordinate them. Along with national institutions, a significant place in cultural life is occupied by non-governmental organizations: writers and journalistic organizations, associations, private publishing houses, various kinds of communities, religious structures, trade unions, clubs and hobby groups, etc.
The effectiveness of the cultural policy of the state largely depends on the level of coordination of the work of various administrative structures.
The ratio of social institutions of culture throughout history has changed depending on the degree of differentiation of social life and the transition from pre-industrial to industrial and post-industrial society. However, in any society, "social institutions organize and coordinate the activities of people in the field of culture, without which it would become fragmented, inconsistent and unstable."
The concept of a socio-cultural institution. Regulatory and institutional socio-cultural institutions. Socio-cultural institutions as a community and social organization. Grounds for the typology of socio-cultural institutions (functions, form of ownership, contingent served, economic status, scale-level of action).
ANSWER
Socio-cultural institutions- one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.
Social institutions are historically established stable forms of organization joint activities people, designed to ensure the reliability, regularity of meeting the needs of the individual, various social groups, society as a whole. Education, upbringing, enlightenment, artistic life, scientific practice and many other cultural processes are activities and cultural forms with their corresponding social economic and other mechanisms, institutions, organizations.
From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions are distinguished.
First level - normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have historically developed in society, uniting around some main, main goal, value, need.
Socio-cultural institutions of the normative type include the institution of the family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions.
Their functions:
socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult),
orienting (assertion of imperative universal values through special codes and ethics of behavior),
sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values on the basis of legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations),
ceremonial-situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transmission and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).
Second level - institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of an institutional type include a numerous network of services, departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group includes cultural and educational institutions directly , arts, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support of the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodical institutions of the industry.
So, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects for the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.
Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (substantive).
From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of legal, human, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society.
From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of expediently oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.
Socio-cultural institutions have various forms of internal gradation.
Some of them are officially established and institutionalized (for example, the system general education, special system, vocational education, a network of clubs, libraries and other cultural and leisure institutions), are of public importance and perform their functions on a society-wide scale, in a broad socio-cultural context.
Others are not specially established, but are formed gradually in the process of long-term joint socio-cultural activity, often constituting a whole historical era. These include, for example, numerous informal associations and leisure communities, traditional holidays, ceremonies, rituals and other unique socio-cultural stereotypical forms. They are voluntarily elected by certain socio-cultural groups: children, adolescents, youth, residents of the microdistrict, students, military, etc.
In the theory and practice of SKD, many bases for the typology of socio-cultural institutions are often used:
1. by population served:
a. mass consumer (publicly available);
b. individual social groups(specialized);
c. children, youth (children and youth);
2. by type of ownership:
a. state;
b. public;
c. joint-stock;
d. private;
3. by economic status:
a. non-commercial;
b. semi-commercial;
c. commercial;
4. in terms of scope and audience coverage:
a. international;
b. national (federal);
c. regional;
d. local (local).
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Introduction
1 The concept of "socio-cultural institution".
2 Museum as a socio-cultural institution
3 Types of museums, tasks, content of activities.
4 The Russian Museum and the Internet
5 Park as a socio-cultural institution.
6 The history of the emergence and development of parks.
7
8 Audience socio-cultural environment
9 The history of the formation of libraries. Current state, tasks, content of activities.
10 Socio-cultural complexes and Leisure centers.
Conclusion
List of used literature
Socio-cultural Institute.
Philosophy understands an institution as an element of social structure, historical forms of organization and regulation of social life. Socio-cultural institutions include numerous institutions and organizations through which the accumulation and transfer of cultural experience, the development of cultural forms of social life, and the acquisition of cultural knowledge are carried out.
The term "socio-cultural institution" refers to:
State and municipal structures
Production associations and enterprises
Non-governmental public organizations
Public education systems
Mass media
Special institutions of socio-cultural profile:
theaters, museums, libraries, etc.
A socio-cultural institute brings together people for joint activities to meet the socio-cultural needs of a person or solve specific socio-cultural problems.
Museum as a socio-cultural institution.
A museum is a scientific research or scientific and educational institution that stores, acquires, studies and popularizes monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.
In many cases, the reasons for the emergence of museums are similar to those for which, several centuries before, nation-states arose. Museums, first of all, were called upon to carry out the state ideology, as well as to be collectors, accumulators and distributors of information formed by this ideology. They were supposed to serve the state policy and carry it out on the ground. In response to this, the state sent a part of its financial and other material resources to cultural institutions. In particular, museums were charged with the obligation to collect and store everything related to the culture, social and natural history of a given country or territory.
Museum fund - a set of monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture, which are under the jurisdiction of museums, permanent exhibitions, scientific institutions and educational institutions. The museum fund also includes collections and individual items collected by various expeditions and having a museum value.
Types of museums, tasks, content of activities.
Types of museums - scientific and educational, research, educational.
The profiles of museums are historical, technical, agricultural, natural sciences, art history, literature, memorial, complex, local history, etc.
Museums are historical (expositions are dedicated to historical events), local lore (the story of the native land and the people inhabiting it - Zeya Museum of Local Lore), zoological (the exposition includes stuffed animals, etc.), museums of enterprises (Museum of the Zeya Hydroelectric Power Plant), museums dedicated to certain activities (Museum of Gold Mining in Zee), at present, even in many schools, “Rooms of Glory” are open - small museums with an exposition of the most outstanding graduates. Museums of painting (the Tretyakov Gallery, the Hermitage, the Museum fine arts”), as well as museums dedicated to historical figures (“Pushkin Museum”, “Lenin Museum”, “Tolstoy Estate Museum”, etc.)
Very popular in our time are the so-called "Kunstkameras" - museums of wax figures, the expositions of which try to most reliably reproduce famous personalities or other people (the exhibition "Courtyard of Empress Catherine", "Anomalies human body", etc.) The museum can be dedicated to any one event ("Little Land", a panorama museum in Novorossiysk). Museum expositions can be located in their historical place ("Kursk Bulge" - an open-air museum).
Russian Museum and the Internet
Museums turned out to be completely unprepared for the market, especially since the emerging market economy in Russia was also not up to them. The only way to survive seemed to be knocking money out of the authorities, foreign philanthropists or patronage.
But gradually, culture turned out to be in demand, moreover, fashionable and prestigious, it turned out that people are ready to pay for "cultural leisure", and pay a lot. And, of course, children: it turned out that parents are not satisfied with the fact that their children play computer games and watch action films, they should be introduced to art. The fundamental function of the museum business coincided - cultural enlightenment and the interests of the museum business, which require openness, fascination, cognition, that is, the same cultural enlightenment. This is how virtual museums appeared (website www.muzeum.ru).
The Internet enables access to museum exhibits to potentially the widest range of network users, allows the museum to express itself and provides opportunities that a real museum does not have, thereby expanding the circle of visitors.
The use of modern technologies for the convenience of museum visitors: guides on cassettes, electronic catalogs, etc. - greatly diversified visits to museums.
The history of the emergence and development of parks.
The park as a socio-cultural institution.
In 1928, the TsPKiO was founded in Moscow, thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly being involved in holding mass holidays.
A park as a cultural institution is a piece of land with natural or planted vegetation, alleys, ponds, etc., intended for walking, entertainment, public holidays for the population, as well as the operation of various attractions. PKiO is a seasonal institution, operating only in the warm season - from late spring to early autumn.
The main activities of the park:
Holding traditional (and national) holidays together with city cultural centers (including national ones).
Conducting music and song festivals.
Conducting creative meetings with artists.
Conducting performances and concerts with the participation of creative teams of the city.
Carrying out theatrical holidays, folk festivals, fairs (Maslenitsa, City Day, Neptune Day, etc. - with the involvement of creative, trade organizations).
Family holidays.
Conducting cognitive-game and music programs for children of primary and secondary school age and for teenagers, youth discos.
Holding events for people of middle and older age, taking into account their creative interests (amateur associations, evenings "For those who are over ...)
Provision of paid services to the population (attractions, costume rental, phonograms, services of a graphic designer.)
Audience socio-cultural environment
The audience of the social and cultural environment covers the population of almost all age groups - from babies to the elderly. At a very early age, children become participants in their first game programs and children's morning performances, visitors to attractions in the park. Later, becoming younger schoolchildren, in addition to matinees and games, the child's life includes various hobbies - choreography, singing, sports, etc. The child begins to attend all kinds of circles, looking for something to his liking. Around the same age (7 - 9 years) children first begin to visit the library. In middle school age, children actively participate in competitions and concert programs. Teenagers prefer intellectual games ("Brain Ring", "Erudite"), talk shows, various contests and game programs like television programs. One of the forms of pastime of a teenager is a disco.
People of the young and middle generations most often choose amateur associations for themselves, based on already established preferences - these are various circles and amateur adult concert groups (choir, pop vocal group, choreographic ensemble, orchestra, etc.), interest clubs (tourist, search, etc.), literary drawing rooms and other forms of pastime. A lot of work is being done with veterans (clubs of front-line friends, choirs of veterans, organization of meetings with veterans of labor and the Second World War).
With the introduction of market relations in the sphere of culture, its infrastructure turned out to be destroyed, the circle of cultural images narrowed, cultural life turned out to be curtailed in the provinces and in the countryside, where the arrival of a film mover can be compared to an epoch-making event, not to mention an on-site performance or concert of artists of the regional philharmonic society, which irrevocably gone to the past. That is why today the number of amateur creative groups is growing - their members, "people from the people", replace the formed niche of former tours of visiting celebrities and themselves become artists of urban and rural concert venues.
The history of the formation of libraries. Current state, tasks, content of activity.
A library is a cultural institution that organizes the collection, storage and public use of printed matter. The history of the libraries of Russia dates back to the 11th - 12th centuries from Kievan Rus. By the 14th-15th centuries, the number of books being copied increased in Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. This process was accelerated by the advent of paper in the 14th century, replacing the ancient parchments. In the second half of the 15th century, there was already a book trade in Moscow. The main stimulus for the development of literacy was the book printing introduced in Russia by decree of Ivan the Terrible and Metropolitan Macarius. In 1564, the first printed book, The Apostle, was published by a printing house built in Moscow with state money. The number of books written by Russian authors has increased. A tradition of “instructive literature” was born (the first textbooks raised issues of education, morality, family relationships, etc.) The texts of all kinds of “Words” and “Teachings” were placed in collections called “Izmaragd”, “Golden Chain”, etc. to the clergy (as an auxiliary material for sermons) and to the laity. In the middle of the 16th century, Domostroy was published - a set of rules and tips for housekeeping. In the 17th century, translations of Latin and German books were made in Moscow, and the first libraries with collections of foreign works appeared.
The creation in Russia in accordance with the imperial decree of 1783 of free printing houses contributed to an increase in the number of books and the development of periodicals, an increase in the interest of educated nobles in reading. In the 18th century, the first secular libraries were opened at the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University. The first major public library was opened in St. Petersburg in 1814.
After the October Revolution, all libraries became open, their number increased dramatically (this was due to the trend of enlightenment of the working class). The number of libraries in rural areas also increased. The pace of book publishing (including educational literature) grew. There were mobile libraries that traveled to remote settlements and peasant farms. In 1930, the Moscow Library Institute was opened, and library workers also received qualifications in library technical schools and library departments in teacher training schools.
During the Second World War, libraries did not stop their work in the field and in a mobile mode, taking on part of the propaganda and explanatory work with the population. The book collections of libraries suffered during the war. In the country's public libraries alone, 100 million books were plundered and destroyed (there are known cases when books were used simply for kindling).
After the war, the library network, like other CDUs, was actively restored. By the beginning of the 60s, the emergence of public libraries and reading rooms dates back. In 1964, the library institutes were renamed into institutes of culture. By 1979 there were 350,000 libraries in the USSR.
Modern Libraries differ in direction:
Mass libraries - with a book fund of various contents, designed for a reader of any age and profession.
(city, district, regional libraries).
Scientific libraries (universal, branch and scientific and technical) - collecting printed publications according to the direction (Library of the Academy of Sciences, Library of Foreign Literature, Medical Library, etc.).
Modern librarianship studies the history of librarianship, library collections and catalogues, reader demand. There are specialized libraries for the disabled (Library for the Blind in Moscow).
A new round in the development of librarianship in Russia was the opening of virtual libraries on the Internet. On specialized sites (www.lib.ru, etc.), Internet users can find almost any book, including rare ones, and download it to their computer and read it.
Socio-cultural complexes and Leisure centers.
SCC and Leisure Centers are a state cultural institution, which include clubs and circles of various directions, amateur art groups, and methodological departments. The main tasks of the SKTs and TsD are:
creation of conditions for active recreation of the population
providing opportunities for creative self-realization
individual or group of artistic
amateur performances
provision of services to the population (including paid ones)
methodological assistance to organizers of KDD schools, clubs,
other organizations
gaming and concert activities
SKTS and Leisure Centers perform the following functions:
Entertaining - providing conditions for gaming activities (group, individual, mass games, slot machines)
Physical culture and health - organization of sports and entertainment events, creation of conditions for playing sports.
Educational - the organization of circles, interest clubs and amateur associations with the aim of teaching certain skills of any activity.
Stimulation of creative activity - holding theatrical performances, concerts, exhibitions, literary and artistic programs.
Leisure communication - holding morning performances for children and evenings of rest for adults of different ages.
Informational - providing methodological, scenario and organizational assistance in holding events to schools, kindergartens, clubs, enterprises and organizations.
As well as the SKC and the CD carry out the creation creative and technical workshops, rental of equipment and costumes, fulfillment of social and creative orders.
Carrying out their creative tasks, the SCC and the Central House set themselves the main goal in their work: the creation of a single concept that determines the qualitative side of the cultural and mass work of the city, the introduction of new progressive forms of work, the preservation, improvement and development of amateur groups. The main activities of the Social and Cultural Center are: the development of the cultural life of the city, the creation of a favorable cultural environment, the support of various forms of social and cultural activities of the city's population, the satisfaction of public needs in cultural and leisure activities, the development of folk art. The main task of the Leisure Centers is to provide paid services to the population and create conditions for active recreation.
SKTs and TsD have the charter, the director directs them, but representatives of all associations of SKTs and TsD take part in discussion of all projects. The Artistic Council supervises the director's work.
The following circles, associations and amateur art groups can operate on the basis of the SKTs and TsD:
Choirs and chapels
Choreographic groups
Song and dance ensembles
Amateur theater groups
vocal groups
variety studios
Fashion studios and theaters
Interest groups for adults and children (applied, creative, technical)
Circus troupes
The methodological department of the SKC and TsD is engaged in the development of scenarios and the preparation and organization of leisure, concert and other programs. The responsibilities of the logistics and administrative and economic departments include providing the KDD with the necessary materials. The SCC and the Central House require a graphic designer (development and production of scenery), head of musical design (recording of musical phonograms, selection of music for scripts, music. Design of concerts, performances, game programs, matinees, evenings of rest.
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SCS includes creative, communicative, service subsystems in its structure.
SCI is a kind of social institutions, SCI is the subject of sociology and in sociology SCI is understood in two ways: (family institute, natural language, folklore, art, literature). 2. Institutional SCI - a social institution appears as a formally organized set of institutions and professional groups that have self-reproduction and a certain social purpose. Institutional SCI grew out of normative institutions. SCI are those formal or informal institutions that provide for the implementation of professional or non-professional cultural activities. The definition of SCI is made difficult by the fact that all SCI are related to culture. SCI will be considered those social institutions that create, preserve, assimilate spiritual and cultural values. The criteria for recognizing SCI follow from the definition of SCI - social institutions that ensure the implementation of cultural activities. The first criterion for recognizing the SCI is by the subject of the SCI, by the composition of employees:
1. Socio-cultural workers who are engaged in the storage and dissemination of spiritual and cultural values
2. Creative workers who create spiritual values
In addition, anonymous creators of folk cultural values and morality were represented among the subjects. As a result, 3 SQI groups are found that intersect
SKI- those formal and informal institutions that ensure the implementation of professional or non-professional cultural activities.
SKI classification:
Spiritual and industrial social institutions, in which professional creative workers are employed:
Social and communication institutions in which professional SC workers are employed.
These SQIs are considered formal, because they have a certain material and technical base, are regulated by legislatively adopted legal regulations(for example, "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture 1992").
in number cultural and leisure institutions type includes objects: functioning on an administrative-territorial basis, with a universally complex nature of activity: centers of culture and leisure, cultural-sports and socio-cultural complexes; rural
focused on the cultural interests of certain professional, national, cultural and other socio-demographic categories of the population (for example, clubs, centers and houses of the intelligentsia, books, cinema, aesthetic education of children, women, youth, pensioners; folklore, musical culture, technical creativity; national cultural centers
Cultural and leisure institutions: theatres, museums, cinemas, exhibition halls, concert halls, conservatories, discos, parks of culture and recreation, a park at the place of residence, a palace and a house of culture, clubs of interest.
SC centers can be: social and humanitarian (including rehabilitation and corrective); artistic and aesthetic; sports and recreation; scientific and technical.
In my work leisure centers should aim to achieve the following goals:- meeting the needs of all socio-demographic groups of the population, regardless of the level of their readiness for active leisure activities; - providing a set of activities that provides each of the visitors of the center with a full opportunity to implement leisure activities; - ensuring the progressive process of including the population in the modern sphere of leisure, cultivating culture rational use free time;
Activation of the activities of all existing public service institutions by developing and setting on their basis high-quality, modern leisure programs that are in demand among the population.
SKI functions:
Creative, individualization function, socialization function (dissemination of cultural values, providing access to them), social memory function (ensuring the preservation of cultural values).
SKD Decembrists
In the case of the Decembrists, 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. 121 Decembrists were exiled to Siberia, five were executed. The word "Decembrist" comes either from the fact that the events took place in December (December 14, 1825) and this is bureaucratic slang, or this term was invented and written by Herzen A.I.
The Decembrists believed that Russia could be changed for the better by: the abolition of serfdom, the introduction of a constitutional monarchy, freedom of speech. This can be achieved by enlightening Russian society (it was assumed that the situation could be corrected in 20 years of enlightenment).
The victory of the Russian people in the Fatherland War of 1812 had not only military significance, but it had a huge impact on all aspects of the social, political and cultural life of the country, contributed to the growth of national self-consciousness, and gave a powerful impetus to the development of advanced social thought in Russia. The Decembrists believed (content of ideas): " by the gradual improvement of morality and the spread of enlightenment ... society hoped to achieve a quiet and inconspicuous revolution in the government of the state».
The main means of disseminating advanced social ideas the Decembrists believed education and printing. The Decembrists sought to educate the people in the spirit of high morality, true patriotism, and love for freedom. In Russia, the system developed by the English teachers A. Bell and J. Lancaster, the system of mutual education (the elders help the younger ones), for the first time, since 1818, was used by the Decembrists in soldier's schools. Petersburg, the Decembrists founded Free society - establishment of schools according to the method of mutual education, which was led by the active figure of the Union of Welfare F.N. Glinka. This society coordinated the work of other "Lancaster schools" that arose in different cities of the country. The Decembrists always gave great importance public education of children.(home schooling does not temper). The views of the Decembrists on education and pedagogy received
the most vivid reflection in the “Russian Truth” by P.I. Pestel, which was, as it were, a project for the state transformation of Russia. According to the Decembrists, in the future state education should be public, universal and accessible to all citizens. Along with education Russkaya Pravda also speaks of other means of educating the people: mass holidays and educational events.
The condemned Decembrists tried by all available means to make their contribution to the education of the people, to the study of the region where they lived.
turned out to be, and the lives of the people inhabiting Siberia. The Decembrists proposed to use the desire of Siberians for education and allow the opening of schools everywhere primary education on the
donations from the people. The Decembrists proposed to open a museum in Irkutsk natural history for a wide review and organize a scientific committee to collect scientific information about Siberia. Special meaning in the field of raising culture, the Decembrists proposed
education of the aboriginal peoples of Siberia. Thus: They were "enlightened" by: joining in secret unions and societies. They began to conduct agitation and propaganda, based on the system of Lancaster education: a system of mutual education. They launched agitation work in the regiments. (PR. Semenovsky).
They tried to propagandize by means of the press, periodicals (did not work out).
They created the Union of Salvation, the Union of Welfare, the Northern Society, the Order of Russian Knights (based on the model of a Masonic organization).
Conclusion: The main SKD of the Decembrists was already carried out in Siberia. Engaged in the creation of schools, libraries.
Spread economic knowledge among the people.
They acted as researchers of Siberia: they wrote popular science works.