In order to know exactly how, according to the regulations, you are supposed to address a military personnel, you need to understand the ranks. Ranks in the Russian Army and shoulder straps provide clarity in relationships and allow you to understand the chain of command. IN Russian Federation There is both a horizontal structure - military and naval ranks, and a vertical hierarchy - from the rank and file to the highest officers.
Rank and file
Private is the lowest military rank in the Russian Army. Moreover, the soldiers received this title in 1946, before that they were addressed exclusively as fighters or Red Army soldiers.
If the service is carried out in a guards military unit or on a guards ship, then when addressing a private, it is worth adding the same word "guard". If you want to contact a military personnel who is in the reserve and has a higher legal diploma, or medical education, then you should contact - "Private Justice", or "private medical service". Accordingly, it is worth adding the appropriate words to someone who is in reserve or retired.
In the ship's composition, the rank of private corresponds to sailor.
Only senior soldiers who perform the best military service are given the rank Corporal. Such soldiers can act as commanders during the latter's absence.
All additional words that were applicable for a private remain relevant for a corporal. Only in Military navy, this title corresponds to Senior sailor.
The one who commands a squad, or a combat vehicle, receives the title Lance Sergeant. In some cases, this rank is assigned to the most disciplined corporals upon transfer to the reserve, if such a staff unit was not provided for during service. In the ship's composition is "sergeant major of the second article"
Since November 1940, the Soviet army received a rank for junior command personnel - sergeant. It is awarded to cadets who have successfully completed the sergeant training program and graduated with honors.
Also, an ordinary can receive a title - Lance Sergeant, who proved himself worthy of appropriation another rank, or upon transfer to the reserve.
In the Navy, a sergeant of the ground forces corresponds to the rank foreman.
Next comes the Senior Sergeant, and in the Navy - chief petty officer.
After this rank, there are some crossings of land and sea forces. Because after the senior sergeant, in the ranks Russian army appears Sergeant Major. This title came into use in 1935. Only the best military personnel who served excellently in sergeant positions for six months deserve it, or upon transfer to the reserve, the rank of sergeant major is awarded to senior sergeants certified with excellent results. On the ship it is - chief ship sergeant major.
Next come warrant officers And midshipmen. This is a special category of military personnel, close to junior officers. Complete the rank and file, senior warrant officer and midshipman.
Junior officers
A number of ranks of junior officers of the Russian army begin with the rank Ensign. This title is awarded to final year students and graduates of higher military educational institutions. However, in the event of a shortage of officers, a graduate of a civilian university can also receive the rank of junior lieutenant.
Lieutenant Only a junior lieutenant can become a junior lieutenant who has served a certain amount of time and received a positive educational certificate. Further - senior lieutenant.
And he closes the group of junior officers - Captain. This title sounds the same for both ground and naval forces.
By the way, the new field uniform from Yudashkin obliged our military personnel to duplicate the insignia on the chest. There is an opinion that the “runaways” from the leadership do not see the ranks on our officers’ shoulders and this is done for their convenience. Senior officers
Senior officers begin with rank Major. In the navy, this rank corresponds to Captain 3rd rank. The following Navy ranks will only increase the rank of captain, that is, the rank of land Lieutenant Colonel will correspond Captain 2nd rank, and the rank Colonel – Captain 1st rank.
Senior officers
And the highest officer corps completes the hierarchy of military ranks in the Russian army.
Major General or Rear Admiral(in the navy) - such a proud title is worn by military personnel who command a division - up to 10 thousand people.
Above the Major General is Lieutenant General. (The lieutenant general is higher than the major general because the lieutenant general has two stars on his shoulder straps and the major general has one).
Initially, in the Soviet army, it was more likely not a rank, but a position, because the Lieutenant General was an assistant to the general and took on part of his functions, in contrast to Colonel General, who can personally fill senior positions, as in General Staff, and in the Ministry of Defense. In addition, in the Russian armed forces, a Colonel General may be the deputy commander of a military district.
And finally, the most important serviceman who has the highest military rank in the Russian army is Army General. All previous links must obey him.
About military ranks in video format:
Well, new guy, have you figured it out now?) (in order from sailor to high command) mostly go back to those that appeared during the USSR period.
A little history - naval ranks and tables of ranks
As is known, in last year During the reign of Peter I, the table of ranks was introduced. It was a table where civil and military service positions were divided into fourteen ranks. However, naval ranks were not included in every row of the table.
The XIV rank among naval ranks was given to a midshipman, corresponding to a collegiate registrar, ensign, cornet and artillery bayonet cadet. At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, the rank of midshipman began to refer to the XII rank. Also included in this rank was the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant, which existed until 1732.
A naval lieutenant was classified as rank X until 1884, after which a midshipman was promoted to this rank. The rank of lieutenant, in turn, began to refer to the IX rank.
People who managed to reach the VIII rank in the Navy Russian Empire acquired the right to personal nobility. These positions included captains of the first three ranks and a senior lieutenant, who appeared in the navy shortly before the First World War. Rank V included the rank of captain-commander, which was finally abolished in 1827. Among the famous bearers of this title was the pioneer Vitus Bering.
Achieving rank IV in the service opened the door to hereditary nobles for a person. In the navy, people who reached the fourth and higher ranks commanded naval formations: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral general.
This also included the rank of Schoutbenacht, who did not take root on Russian soil, and was replaced by a rear admiral. It is noteworthy that this naval rank used as a pseudonym by the first Russian emperor himself - “Schautbenakht Peter Mikhailov.” The third rank was the General-Kriegskommissar of the Fleet, whose responsibilities included financial support of the naval forces. The title was abolished in 1817. Six people received the highest rank of admiral general in the history of the Russian Empire. Three of them were representatives of the imperial family.
Although the table of ranks ceased to operate after the creation of the USSR, many ranks reappeared in the fleet Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation.
Main categories of naval ranks
Based on their composition, military personnel can be divided into the following groups:
- Conscript and contract personnel.
- Junior officers.
- Senior officers.
- Senior officers.
Russian citizens undergoing military service in the navy receive the rank of sailor. It roughly corresponds to the average ground forces. Sailors appeared in the fleet of the Soviet Union in 1946. Prior to this, the lowest military rank of the naval forces was called "Red Navy". 
Next comes the rank of “senior sailor,” which corresponds to the “corporal” of ground forces. The senior sailor commands the group or serves as assistant to the foreman. The rank of senior sailor can be obtained by employees who comply well with discipline and their duties.
The four following ranks correspond to the sergeant ranks of the ground forces:
- Foreman of the first article.
- Foreman of the second article.
- Chief Petty Officer.
- Chief ship sergeant major.
Following the foremen are "midshipman" and "senior midshipman". These naval ranks correspond to the ranks of warrant officer and senior warrant officer.
The modern division of naval ranks dates back to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, issued in 1943. He approved the division of officers into junior, senior and higher. The decree included the ranks for each group that have survived to the present day.
Junior officers of our country's fleet are called: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant and lieutenant commander. A junior lieutenant can lead a combat post. More senior representatives of this category of officers can be assistant commanders of a ship of the fourth rank or even command such a ship.
Senior officers include captains of the first, second and third ranks. They can also be called captri, kavtorang and kaperang. These representatives of the officer corps can command military vessels of the appropriate rank.
In modern Russian fleet rank warship determined based on the complexity of management, strength of personnel and combat power. The first rank includes cruisers, nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers. The second rank includes large landing ships, destroyers, and large missile ships.
The third rank includes small missile and anti-submarine ships, medium landing ships, and minesweepers. The fourth rank includes small landing craft and torpedo boats.
The highest officer ranks of our country's fleet were first established in 1940 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council. This is the system we are familiar with:
In the ground forces, these ranks correspond (in ascending order) to major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and army general. A rear admiral can lead a squadron or serve as an assistant to a flotilla commander. A vice admiral may command a flotilla or operational squadron and also serves as deputy fleet commander. At the head of a separate fleet is an admiral. IN modern Russia one admiral of the fleet, who is the commander-in-chief of the naval forces of our country.
The rank of "fleet admiral" was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1940. It corresponded to “general of the army.” None of the naval commanders of the country of the Soviets received it at that moment. In fact, the highest rank was admiral.
In 1944, two naval commanders received it. The first was Nikolai Kuznetsov, who at that time held the post of People's Commissar of the Fleet. He was part of Headquarters Supreme Commander, and Nikolai Kuznetsov’s actions to command the country’s fleet were successful. In 1945, the title of “Admiral of the Fleet” was given to Ivan Isakov, who led the main naval headquarters during the war before his injury.
In 1955, an additional decree was issued that adjusted the highest naval ranks of the country of the Soviets. To the rank of “Admiral of the Fleet” was added “Soviet Union”. Holders of this rank had the right to wear the "Marshal's Star" - an insignia introduced in 1940.
This highest naval rank was abolished in 1993 because the country referred to in its name no longer existed. The highest rank of naval officers became again "admiral of the fleet".
The rank introduced in 1955 was personal. In the history of the Soviet state, only three people received the title “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.” Immediately after the introduction of the new military rank, N.G. received it. Kuznetsov and I.S. Isakov. A year later, Kuznetsov fell into disgrace and lost his highest rank. It was returned to the naval commander posthumously during the years of Perestroika. In 1967, Sergei Gorshkov was awarded the highest naval rank, past the war with the rank of rear admiral and supervised the construction and rearmament of the fleet in the post-war years.
The rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union corresponded in the 1960-1990s to the rank of Marshal of the USSR. In turn, the “admiral of the fleet”, who was of lower rank, corresponded to the general of the army and the marshal of the military branch.
The Commander-in-Chief of our country's naval forces may bear the rank of admiral or admiral of the fleet. Thus, the first naval officer to hold this position in post-Soviet Russia, Felix Gromov, became commander-in-chief in 1992, being an admiral. He received the rank of fleet admiral four years later, shortly before retirement.
The next commanders-in-chief (Vladimir Kuroyedov and Vladimir Masorin) took this post as admirals, and after that they received a higher rank. Vladimir Vysotsky and Vladimir Chirkov were commanders-in-chief, remaining with the rank of admiral. Also, the current Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Korolev retains the rank of admiral, received in 2013.
The chiefs of the General Staff of the Fleet, who were the first deputies of the commander-in-chief, as a rule, bore the rank of vice admiral or admiral. Andrei Volozhinsky, who began serving in this post in 2016, retains the rank of vice admiral.
The Navy of modern Russia became the successor to the fleet. Most senior naval officers began their service in the Soviet Navy. For this reason, the ranks in the fleet in modern Russia (in order from sailor to admiral) have not undergone fundamental changes compared to the Soviet period.
Most modern Russian military ranks appeared in the 18th century, with the formation of the first army on a regular basis. The main part of the credit for creating a unified army and the emergence of a strict hierarchy of military ranks belongs to the great reformer - Emperor Peter I.
Rear admiral - this rank is firmly connected with the history of the formation and development of the Russian. How it appeared, what duties were performed by those holding this military rank - this will be discussed in our article.
History of the title
Traditionally, the Russian fleet did not have a single leadership and was subordinate to two different departments. The fleet was led first by the Admiralty Board (18th century), and in the 19th century by the Navy Ministry. The Russian fleet had its own system of military ranks, different from other countries.
IN European countries the highest in the fleet appeared in the 17th century, and in Russia a century later. These were: the admiral, who controlled the main forces of the fleet, the vice admiral, who occupied a lower level in the military hierarchy, and the rear admiral, the lowest rank in the leadership of the fleet. He usually commanded the rearguard.
These ranks replaced the obsolete navarkh (fleet commander in Ancient Greece) and drungaria (head of the imperial Byzantine fleet).
and Table of Ranks
The title "rear admiral" came from Holland. Peter I, having visited Amsterdam, not only learned how to build ships, but also adopted the European military system. The prefix contra meant that in battle the admiral was at the head of the fleet, and the rear admiral took a position in the rearguard.
For some time in the 18th century, this rank was replaced by the rank of Schoutbenacht, but then it was returned again.
In Russia, according to the Table of Ranks created by Peter the Great, the rank of rear admiral corresponded to major general in the ground forces. Today, this primary admiral rank continues to exist in most armies of the world.
Now in the fleet, a rear admiral can command a squadron or be deputy commander of a flotilla.
In the USSR, the rank of rear admiral was established in 1940.
Distinguishing marks
For a long time, the main insignia of admirals was the number of buttons on the cuffs of their uniform.
The rear admiral wore one button each, and then everything progressed: the vice admiral had two, and the admiral had three.
Stripes of braid were also used as decoration, and at the same time as insignia. different color, which ran diagonally along the uniform. Gold embroidery on the cuffs and collar also served to distinguish the ranks of naval officers.
Then, in 1807, epaulettes with gold and silver twisted plaits were introduced as insignia.
After the revolution and during the years Civil War The insignia and uniforms for both the ground forces and the navy changed several times. Sleeve flaps with stripes and braid were used.
Modern insignia - shoulder straps - appeared during the war, in 1943. At the same time, the word “officer” is introduced.
Famous rear admirals of Russia
The outstanding naval commander of Russia was Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin.
In the years Crimean War distinguished himself while under the command of the famous Admiral Nakhimov. For his courage he received the rank of rear admiral. Together with Kornilov and Nakhimov, he was one of the leaders of the heavy defense of Sevastopol. During the defense of the city, he did not leave his defensive positions and lived there, in a dugout. He died during artillery shelling and was buried in the same crypt with other heroic defenders of the city.
The name of another brilliant rear admiral, Mikhail Nikolaevich Kumani, is associated with Sevastopol. He participated in the Crimean War with the rank of lieutenant. Served in the Baltic, Caspian Sea and Pacific Ocean. He received the rank of rear admiral and was soon appointed mayor of his hometown Sevastopol. In this post, Cumani was able to do a lot in a short time before his death: Primorsky Boulevard was completed, a yacht club was founded, a shelter for the disabled was opened, the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, which was badly damaged during the defense, was rebuilt, and a city newspaper began to be published.
Women in the Navy
The weaker sex has long been actively involved in wars. In modern armies, female soldiers are a completely common occurrence. But it should be noted that they rarely occupy high positions. That is why the example of the American Grace Hopper, who rose to the rank of rear admiral in the US Navy, is so famous.
She was also a distinguished scientist in the field of programming language development. She resigned at the age of 79 and was at that time the oldest US naval officer in age.
Named after her a large number of different objects. The name is given to a street, a park, a building. 4 years after she left this world, a new missile frigate, the Hopper, was launched, named after the “amazing Grace.” The example of this amazing woman shows that not only men can successfully serve in the navy and achieve high rank and respect.
- (French Arabic, from contre, and admiral). Naval rank, below vice admiral, equal to major general in the army. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. REVERSE ADMIRAL naval rank, corresponding to general. Major in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
rear admiral- a, m. contre amiral, German. Contre admiral. First (junior) admiral's rank; the person who bears this rank. Sl. 18. If the admiral wishes, so that the rear admiral or the commandant of the galley with his division would go into uniform, he must... shoot once. GS... ... Historical Dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
- (Rear admiral) see Admiral. Samoilov K. I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF USSR, 1941 Rear admiral military rank of senior officers of the Navy of a number of states ... Naval Dictionary
rear admiral- rear admiral/la, m. The first (junior) admiral rank in the navy of most states, as well as the person holding this rank. Related words: counter admiral Etymology: From French contre amiral. Speech culture: First... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
REAR ADMIRAL, huh, husband. The first rank of admiral or rank in the navy, equivalent to the rank of major general in the ground forces, as well as the person holding this rank. | adj. rear admiral, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Rear admiral, rear admiral... Spelling dictionary-reference book
Noun, number of synonyms: 2nd rank (113) rank (78) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
A; m. First (junior) military admiral rank; person holding this title. ◁ Rear admiral, oh, oh. Rear admiral rank... encyclopedic Dictionary
rear admiral- rear admiral/l, rear admiral/l... Together. Apart. Hyphenated.
rear admiral- COUNTER ADMIRAL, a, m The first of the highest military ranks of the admiral, assigned in the navy to employees serving beyond the established period and performing command functions. R. was not a poet, but a rear admiral, in which... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
Books
- The first red admiral, Nemitz I.. For the first time, using materials from the family archive and memories of loved ones, the book tells about the life and activities of the “first red admiral”, the former rear admiral of the Russian...
- Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies, Forester Cecil Scott. 1821 Fate brings British Rear Admiral Hornblower together with former Napoleonic General Cambron on the Gulf Coast. A man with the face of a wounded bird of prey arrived in...